The English publisher Andrew Chatto began his career at the age of fifteen at the London firm of John Camden Hotten. He purchased the business after Hotten’s death in 1873 and, with W. E. Windus as his partner, began immediately to improve the firm’s reputation for fair and honest dealing. He wrote to SLC in November 1873, inviting him to revise the contents of Hotten’s unauthorized Choice Humorous Works of Mark Twain (1873). Where Hotten had angered SLC by “pirating” his books (actually, international copyright did not then cover United States publications), Chatto proposed formal publishing arrangements, with rights and royalties. In 1876 SLC broke with his authorized English publishers, George Routledge and Sons, to publish Tom Sawyer with Chatto and Windus. Chatto went on to publish the English editions of nearly all of Mark Twain’s books, and the two worked jointly to create arrangements that would defeat unauthorized printings.