The Introduction traces the history of Clemens’s work on his autobiography, from the preliminary manuscripts and dictations he produced between 1870 and 1905 through the Autobiographical Dictations that he began in early 1906. It also gives an explanation of his final plan for the Autobiography of Mark Twain, based largely on an analysis of various typescripts and manuscripts created in 1906. Because these documents are drawn on repeatedly to construct segments of the critical text, they are described and identified by their designated abbreviation in The Documents. The editorial policy applied to them is set forth in The Critical Text.

Each text gathered in Preliminary Manuscripts and Dictations and each component text of the Autobiography of Mark Twain has its own textual commentary, accessed from any given text via the Textual Commentary link at the top of the right-hand pane. Each commentary identifies the source documents on which that text is based; explains any special circumstances in how they are used to construct the text; records—in a single list—all of the text’s authorial revisions and non-authorial variants, whether adopted or rejected; and supplies occasional textual notes, as needed. Clickable [yellow brackets] in the text signal entries in the list of variants, and the Guide to the Textual Apparatus explains how to interpret these entries.

Manuscripts and typescripts (before 1906)

The source documents for the texts collected in the section entitled Preliminary Manuscripts and Dictations include manuscripts in the author’s hand as well as a diverse assortment of typescripts made from his dictation by James Redpath, Jean Clemens, or Josephine Hobby. Redpath took down Clemens’s words in an unidentified shorthand and typed the translation himself on an all-capitals typewriter. Jean Clemens, a novice at the typewriter, transcribed Isabel Lyon’s longhand notes. Hobby was a skilled stenographer and her own typist. Her typescripts are the most reliable, with Redpath’s and Jean’s somewhat less so. The manuscripts are the most straightforward record of the author’s intention, but even they sometimes contain errors. The editorial policy discussed below has been applied to each work, with adjustments as needed to accommodate its particular textual history, which is always described in detail in the Textual Commentary at Mark Twain Project Online ( MTPO ).

TS1 (1906–1909)

Produced between 1906 and 1909, TS1 is the first of three distinct, sequentially paginated typescripts for the final plan of the autobiography as conceived by Clemens in 1906, now in the Mark Twain Papers. Typed by Hobby, it begins with the dictation of 9 January 1906 and ends with the dictation of 14 July 1908, extending far beyond the other sequences. Two later typists, Mary Louise Howden and William Edgar Grumman, produced an additional hundred or so pages of typescript, numbering each dictation separately. TS1 and the typescripts of Howden and Grumman, transcribed by each typist from his or her shorthand notes, are the primary record of Clemens’s dictated text. Together they are the only text for the roughly one hundred and seventy dictations made between late August 1906 and 1909. Clemens revised many of the pages of TS1 for publication in the North American Review, adjusting the wording to accommodate omissions and suppressing or altering text that he considered “written in too independent a fashion for a magazine.”1 Only in TS1 is the date of dictation close to the date the typescript was created. Many pages of TS1 were marked by Paine as the printer’s copy for his 1924 edition of the autobiography; he discarded some of the material he chose not to include, and those pages are now missing.

TS2 and TS4 (1906)

The page numbers on TS2 (made by Hobby) and TS4 (made by an unidentified typist) differ from those on TS1 and from each other because both typescripts begin with material not present in TS1 (everything before the 9 January 1906 dictation). Together TS2 and TS4 total over twenty-five hundred pages. Begun in mid-June, they provide conclusive evidence of exactly which of his accumulated drafts and false starts Clemens decided to include in his final plan for the autobiography. TS2 and TS4 begin with “My Autobiography [Random Extracts from It],” but omit the preface (“An Early Attempt”) that was written to introduce it. The second (three-part) preface—“The Latest Attempt,” “The Final (and Right) Plan,” and “Preface. As from the Grave”—is fully present in TS4, which also includes four Florentine Dictations, but in TS2 the five pages on which the three-part preface was typed, as well as the pages containing the third and fourth Florentine Dictations, are lost. Both typescripts continue with the 1906 Autobiographical Dictations that were begun on 9 January; TS2 ends with the dictation of 7 August, and TS4 ends with that of 29 August. Both typescripts incorporate the revisions that Clemens wrote on TS1. He further revised much of TS2, making improvements in wording as well as softening and censoring the texts for publication in the North American Review. He made no changes on TS4. Whenever TS1 is extant for a given dictation, TS4 is derivative and does not affect the critical text. When TS1 is missing, however, both TS2 and TS4 are relied on to recreate its text, since both derive from it, so that either one may contain authoritative readings that are not found in the other. When TS2 and TS4 do not vary from each other, they confirm the reading of the missing TS1.

TS3 and the NAR Extracts (1906–1907)

Typed by Hobby between early August 1906 and late January 1907, TS3 comprises fewer than one hundred and fifty pages. Prepared as printer’s copy for six installments in the North American Review, it reproduces the first section of “Scraps from My Autobiography. From Chapter IX,” one Florentine Dictation (“Robert Louis Stevenson and Thomas Bailey Aldrich”), and excerpts from the Autobiographical Dictations through 21 May 1906. It consists of four batches, each beginning with page 1. Three of the batches include the text for a single Review installment (NAR 2, NAR 3, and NAR 16), and one batch encompasses three installments (NAR 4, NAR 5, and NAR 6). TS3 was typed primarily from TS1, incorporating its revisions, and includes further changes made to accommodate magazine publication.

Above is a diagram of the textual relationships between TS1, TS2, TS3, and TS4 of the 1906–9 Autobiographical Dictations and the twenty-five NAR installments that published excerpts from them (and from one other typescript). The “Early Attempt” preface is not present in either TS2 (now incomplete) or TS4 (complete), but both typescripts include “My Autobiography [Random Extracts from It],” followed by the second three-part preface (“The Latest Attempt,” “The Final [and Right] Plan,” and “Preface. As from the Grave”) and four Florentine Dictations. TS3 was typed from the revised TS1 for all but one installment, NAR 16, which was typed from the revised TS2. The first and second parts of “Scraps from My Autobiography. From Chapter IX” were published in NAR installments 2 and 17, respectively, typeset directly from a typescript made by Jean Clemens in 1902. See the Appendix “Previous Publication” (pp. 663–67) for a list of the contents of each NAR installment.

Handwriting on the typescripts

Throughout the pages of TS1, TS2, and TS3 there are revisions, corrections, and editorial instructions in two colors of ink, in lead pencil, and in blue, purple, and red pencil. These were made not only by Clemens himself, but also by the following people: his typists, chiefly Hobby; his secretary, Isabel V. Lyon; Albert Bigelow Paine; George Harvey and David Munro, editors for the North American Review; Clara Clemens Gabrilowitsch; Paine’s successor as literary executor, Bernard DeVoto; and DeVoto’s assistant, Rosamond Hart Chapman. There are also specific instructions to omit this or that passage, each signed “ABP” by Paine and (though also in Paine’s hand) “CG” for Clara Clemens Gabrilowitsch, who along with Paine had been charged with deciding which of her father’s papers to publish.

Paine felt free to alter the typescripts (and some manuscripts) by writing his changes on them, and even to hand some of them to the printer to set up his 1924 edition. Markings by Paine and DeVoto have been especially problematic. Paine’s handwriting can be difficult to distinguish from Clemens’s, especially in small verbal changes or punctuation. But he clearly renumbered many pages, styled the texts for his publications, annotated and “corrected” them in large and small ways, and occasionally scissored out passages he intended to suppress. Paine’s blue crayon printer’s-copy page numbers and his typesetter’s galley numbers (in plain lead pencil) for his 1924 edition are scattered throughout, and many typescript pages are smudged with printer’s ink and pierced by a spindle hole, both signs that they literally served as setting copy. In preparing copy for Mark Twain in Eruption, DeVoto also wrote (in pencil) on the original typescript pages. He inscribed editorial notes to himself, to Rosamond Chapman, and to his typist, Henry Beck; he struck through whole sections of text; and he was so irritated by the typed punctuation that he canceled much of it, penciling through the offending marks so emphatically that it is sometimes difficult to recover the original reading.

Authorial intention

This edition of the Autobiography of Mark Twain offers the reader an unmodernized, critically constructed text, both of the preliminary manuscripts and dictations and of the final text that Clemens intended his “heirs and assigns” to publish after his death. The editorial construction adheres to his intention as it is manifest in the most authoritative documents available, or can be reliably inferred from them, and aims at presenting the texts exactly as he would have published them, so far as that is possible—that is, as they were when he ceased to make changes in them. Except for the revisions the author made for magazine publication (discussed below), all of his revisions and corrections are adopted, whether inscribed on a surviving typescript or detected by collation when the revised typescript is missing. Every decision to adopt (or not) is reported in the Textual Commentaries at MTPO , which also record every alteration that the editors have made in the source texts.2

Revisions for magazine publication

Many of the changes that Clemens made on TS1, TS2, and TS3 were aimed at shortening, taming, or softening the texts selected for publication in the North American Review. These changes are not accepted into the edited text, on the grounds that Clemens was clear that they were temporary concessions to propriety, not permanent alterations to the text. Other changes were corrections or revisions made for purely literary reasons, and these are adopted. Very occasionally the two kinds of changes are intermixed, and in those cases we err on the side of caution, retaining the original uncensored version.

Dictated texts

Wherever works like the Autobiography were created solely by dictation, they pose all the usual problems of textual transmission plus some additional ones not native to manuscripts in the author’s hand. In a dictated text, unless the author has specified more than words while or before dictating (“use a semicolon not a period after that word”), the punctuation, spelling, emphasis, paragraphing, and many other small details simply never existed—only the inflections, gestures, and pauses of the author speaking and the grammatical structure of his sentences. It makes no sense to say that the author “intended” to spell a word in a certain way, since in speaking the word he may not have been thinking of any particular spelling at all. For some kinds of punctuation, like end-of-sentence periods and question marks, the speaker is more constrained by “rules” and probably comes a little closer to actually intending terminal punctuation, whereas the intended placement of commas, semicolons, colons, dashes, and so forth is less clear.

Of course Clemens did not dictate his autobiography in order to produce a text without punctuation. Unlike a public speech, where the authorially intended form is actually an oral performance, dictation was intended to result in a written record, in this case a double-spaced typescript that could be reviewed and corrected and ultimately published in the normal way. So to what extent should we accept the spelling, punctuation, and other details as typed by the stenographer who, we must assume, produced such details without specific instructions from the author? Clemens’s review and correction of the typescript made from Hobby’s stenographic notes (TS1) is some assurance that whatever he found wrong or misleading he corrected, but such assurance only goes so far, and his ability or willingness to scrutinize the transcript for such details was limited.

A dictating author and his stenographer collaborate to produce a text, and their respective contributions cannot easily be pried apart after the fact. To take a simple example, nowhere do Hobby’s typescripts record the kind of hesitation, reiteration, and self-correction that must have occurred even in Clemens’s slow and deliberate speech. By mutual though tacit agreement, such things were no doubt omitted, or silently repaired and smoothed over by the stenographer. Fortunately, in the case of Hobby, the collaboration was highly satisfactory to Clemens. Her stenographic notes are presumed lost, but the accuracy of her work can to some extent be judged from the resulting typescripts. They are double spaced (leaving room for revision and correction) and unfailingly neat; the rare typing errors are discreetly erased and corrected by her, with occasional doubtful spellings likewise identified by a lightly penciled question mark. And the number of corrections (as distinct from revisions) inscribed by Clemens is very small. There is some evidence that he trained Hobby to punctuate as he liked. Twenty months after dictation began, a journalist who visited Clemens reported that he “dictates slowly, using the semicolon mark, of which he is particularly fond, as frequently as possible. When the copy is handed to him by the stenographer it is almost always ready for the press, so few are the corrections to be made.”3 It is easy to find passages in the dictations that exemplify this pattern, in which the typist used semicolons where full stops would, to an uninstructed listener, seem the more natural punctuation.4 There is other evidence that Clemens actually dictated punctuation and other details. Almost forty years after his death, Lyon remembered that “Paine used to say when he was dictating he’d walk slowly up & down and say ‘period’ or ‘paragraph.’ ” And in 1908, when Hobby left Clemens’s employment and he had to break in a new stenographer, Mary Louise Howden, he took even more explicit control of these details. Howden herself recalled in 1925 that Clemens “put in the punctuation himself. His stenographer was never allowed to add so much as a comma.”5

Whether Clemens literally expressed the punctuation, described his preferences to Hobby, or expected her to learn his style more or less osmotically makes little difference: her punctuation of the typescripts is remarkably close to the use patterns found in Clemens’s holograph manuscripts. We know Hobby did learn from his corrections on the typescripts, eventually spelling “Twichell” and “Susy” correctly, for instance. Inevitably, when expanding her shorthand she sometimes mistyped slightly unusual words: “silver boring” for “silver bearing,” “visited” for “billeted,” and “driveling” for “drizzling.”6 But the author and the stenographer were remarkably well attuned to one another. As a result, Hobby’s spelling, punctuation, paragraphing, and so forth on TS1 (made directly from her notes), as well as her rare corrections of these details on any subsequent typescript, whether marked in her hand or introduced while typing, command assent. So, if TS1 lacks a paragraph break which was then supplied by Hobby when she created TS2, we adopt her change as a correction of the original typescript. On the other hand, when TS2 shows a change in wording not initiated by Clemens on TS1, the change is not accepted unless it is a necessary correction, one that would have been made by the editors whether or not Hobby made it. Most such small verbal differences between typescripts were obviously inadvertent.

Incomplete revision

Because Clemens never prepared any of the texts for actual typesetting and publication, it is not always possible to follow his instructions. For instance, to the dictation of 20 February 1906 Clemens added a note: “Insert, here my account of the ‘Hornet’ disaster, published in the ‘Century’ about 1898 as being a chapter from my Autobiography”—a reference to “My Debut as a Literary Person.”7 But if that bald instruction were carried out, the resulting text would be both self-contradictory, because it would still include the remark “I will go no further with the subject now,” and deeply puzzling, because it would contain a very long and rather irrelevant digression. Similarly, he noted in the dictation of 12 January 1906, “(Here paste in the proceedings of the Birthday Banquet)”—referring to the thirty-two-page illustrated issue of Harper’s Weekly commemorating his seventieth birthday.8 The length and nature of this publication make it impractical to carry out his instruction in a printed volume. Indeed both instructions are more plausibly construed as instructions to himself rather than to his editors. In such cases, Clemens’s intention can be described and—wherever possible—the reader directed to the relevant text. In the case of “My Debut,” the text is already included with the preliminary manuscripts and dictations in this volume. The impracticality of including the Harper’s Weekly issue is overcome by directing the reader to a scanned copy at MTPO, and the elastic boundaries of the website may be used for other, similar cases, the rationale for which is always explained in the Textual Commentary. In general, such rough edges are an inevitable part of works that were not set into type and published by the author. On the other hand, if informal remarks can be rendered intelligibly in their own right (“I will ask Miss Lyon to see—but I will go on and dictate the dream now”) they are included in the edited text, even though the author would doubtless have removed them had he carried out the revision he planned.9

Errors of external fact

Clemens’s misstatements of fact are almost always allowed to remain uncorrected in the text. For example, when he gave the year of his first meeting with Ulysses S. Grant as 1866 (rather than the correct year, 1868), the error is merely pointed out in the Explanatory Notes, because it is clear that his memory (not the typist) was at fault. Likewise, in a paragraph of reminiscence about his family in the dictation of 28 March 1906, Clemens said that his sister Margaret died at the age of “ten, in 1837” when she in fact died at the age of nine in 1839, and that his brother Orion was “twelve and a half years old” at the time of the family’s move to Hannibal, when he was actually fourteen. In the dictation of 8 March 1906 he mistakenly referred to a “Miss Hill,” dean of Barnard College, whose name was actually “Gill.” And in the dictation of 12 March 1906 he relied on a New York Times article that misnamed someone “Johnson” instead of “Johnston.” In all these cases the text is permitted to stand as Clemens left it, and its factual errors are addressed only in the notes.

On the other hand, if Clemens indicated that he wanted something checked, and by implication made accurate, the text has been corrected. For example, in the dictation of 5 March 1906 Clemens described a room in the Villa Viviani as “forty-two feet square and forty-two feet high,” but added a query in the margin of the typescript: “42? or was it 40? See previous somewhere.” He had used the lower number in the manuscript about the Villa Viviani inserted into “Villa di Quarto,” so that number has been adopted in the text. Errors introduced by the stenographer or typist have also been corrected, since they cannot have been intended by Clemens. For example, in TS2 and TS4 of the dictation for 11 January 1906 (TS1 is lost), Clemens appears to say that he was in Venice in “1888,” when in fact the year was 1878. It is extremely unlikely that the error was his, since he did not travel in Europe in the 1880s. But the difference of one digit could easily have been a transcription error, and it is therefore corrected.

Errors of form: spelling, syntax, and punctuation

Factual errors apart, it is naturally the case that publishing the autobiography texts as Clemens intended does sometimes require the correction of trivial spelling errors and lapses such as omitted words. We take it as given that he did not intend his published works to contain such obvious errors: there can be no doubt that he would want “monotonous” substituted for manuscript “monotous,” and “initiated” printed instead of manuscript “iniated.” Nor could he have expected phrases such as “look her” or “either us” to remain uncorrected, and they have therefore been altered to “look at her” and “either of us.” Simple errors in the typescripts (such as “publsher”) or in printed texts being quoted by Clemens (such as “yaung” for “young” in the New York Times) are likewise corrected. If the name of a real person is correct but misspelled, it is mended, whether the error originated with Clemens or with his stenographer (“Greeley” instead of “Greely,” for example).10

We approach the task of correction with caution, always bearing in mind Clemens’s well-documented attitude toward misguided interference with his text. Whenever seeming errors were in fact intended (dialect spellings, for instance), we of course make no change. Small grammatical quirks deemed more or less peculiar to spoken language are also preserved intact. Clemens himself was highly appreciative of this aspect of dictated narrative, “the subtle something which makes good talk so much better than the best imitation of it that can be done with a pen.”11 For that reason (among others) we do not alter sentences like the following: “To-day she is suing for a separation from her shabby purchase, and the world’s sympathy and compassion are with her, where it belongs.” Or, “A careful statement of Mr. Langdon’s affairs showed that the assets were worth eight hundred thousand dollars, and that against them was merely the ordinary obligations of the business.”12 And although there is evidence that Clemens sometimes welcomed corrections of his grammar (see the letter to Ticknor quoted below), errors that are common in spoken language, like “who” for “whom,” have been retained.

It is well known that Clemens wanted his punctuation respected, and not altered by anyone else. “Yesterday Mr. Hall wrote that the printer’s proof-reader was improving my punctuation for me,” he once wrote to Howells, “& I telegraphed orders to have him shot without giving him time to pray.”13 He was equally alert to the well-intentioned “corrections” of the various typists he hired to copy his manuscripts. In revising the typescript for chapter 25 of Connecticut Yankee (where one of the knights applies for a position in the Yankee’s standing army), Clemens added the following remark: “Try to conceive of this mollusk gravely applying for an official position, of any kind under the sun! Why, he had all the ear-marks of a type-writer copyist, if you leave out the disposition to contribute uninvited emendations of your grammar and punctuation.”14

His objection to “uninvited emendations of . . . grammar and punctuation” was, however, somewhat less absolute than those words might suggest. To the publisher Benjamin H. Ticknor, then overseeing the typesetting of The Prince and the Pauper, he wrote in mid-August 1881:

And to Chatto and Windus in 1897 he complained about the proofreader of More Tramps Abroad (the English edition of Following the Equator):

The punctuation in Clemens’s manuscripts, as well as in the typescripts, is faithfully reproduced except where it is deemed defective—for example, in the rare instances when he omitted a closing quotation mark or the second comma in an appositional clause. Dictated texts, in which the punctuation is somewhat less authorial than in the manuscripts, have received a few additional corrections, to accord with Clemens’s consistent manuscript usage. The following examples illustrate the three categories in which punctuation has been added: 1. “Mr. Twichell, do you take me for a God damned papist?” (comma supplied); 2. “Yes,” I said, “that is my position” (second comma supplied); 3. “and we said, [¶] ‘That is a very good thing to do’ ” (comma supplied before a paragraph break).

Uniformity

It is well established that throughout his career Clemens strove to avoid spelling, capitalizing, or abbreviating the same word in more than one way within a given work, and the extraordinary consistency of his manuscripts in this respect is itself strong testimony to that intention. But he also knew that he required the cooperation of the typesetter to achieve and maintain uniformity of this kind in print. In 1897 we find him complaining, again on the proofs for More Tramps Abroad, that this “proof-reader doesn’t even preserve uniformity.” And on the first manuscript page of “A Horse’s Tale” he addressed himself to the “composing-room,” asking it to “ignore my capitalization of military titles, & apply its own laws—the which will secure uniformity, & that is the only essential thing.”17

To fall short of “uniformity” in this sense meant to Clemens that unintended, pointless, and therefore potentially misleading variation in spelling, capitalization, and the rendering of numbers and abbreviations (expanded or not) would mar the published text. Variation in these formal elements within a single work has therefore been treated as an error and corrected in all parts of the text, except where Clemens is quoting someone else. The preliminary manuscripts and dictations, written or dictated over a period of thirty-five years, are each made uniform within themselves; the final text of the Autobiography is made uniform throughout. In cases where the stenographer spelled or capitalized a word consistently, that form has been retained. Where the typescripts vary, however, Clemens’s preferred forms have been adopted. These have been identified through a wide-ranging search of all available manuscripts, whose results are recorded in a 125-page document in the Mark Twain Papers (1,456 entries, from “acoming” to “zig-zag”) that lists every variant form in the Autobiographical Dictations, as well as the form or forms found in Clemens’s handwritten additions to the typescripts and in hundreds of other manuscripts. The result is that the rendering of these details is brought into uniformity, while the form adopted is as completely authorial as the evidence permits.

Inserted documents

Into the typescripts of his dictations, Clemens frequently inserted not only his own earlier manuscripts, but also newspaper clippings, letters he had received, and other documents. His own inserted manuscripts have been treated in accord with the editorial policy already described. In the case of other texts, simple errors (typographical and otherwise) are corrected, but they are not altered to achieve uniformity of spelling, capitalization, and so forth. If we have the document that Hobby transcribed into the text, we retranscribe it as the primary source. Her transcription tells us how detailed or inclusive Clemens wanted such a text to be (in other words, what he instructed her to leave out). If the document from which she worked cannot be found, we of course rely on her transcription, correcting only manifest errors. Inserted texts can on occasion be very complex and require exceptions to these rules of thumb.18 In all such cases the rationale for changing the readings of the source documents in any way is fully spelled out in the Textual Commentary available online for each text.

H. E. S.

This list defines the abbreviations used in this volume and provides full bibliographic information for works cited by an author’s name and a date, a short title, or an abbreviation. Works by members of the Clemens family may be found under the writer’s initials: SLC, OLC, OSC, and CC.

AD.  Autobiographical Dictation.

Adams, Alton D.  1903. “New England Gas and Coke.” The Journal of Political Economy 11 (March): 257–72.

Agassiz, Louis.  1886. Louis Agassiz: His Life and Correspondence. Edited by Elizabeth Cary Agassiz. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co.

American Civil War.

2009a. “Ball’s Bluff, Harrison’s Landing, Leesburg, Civil War, Virginia.” http://americancivilwar.com/statepic/va/va006.html. Accessed 2 April 2009.

2009b. “Civil War Battle Statistics, Commanders, and Casualties.” http://americancivilwar.com/cwstats.html. Accessed 28 April 2009.

AMT.  1959. The Autobiography of Mark Twain. Edited by Charles Neider. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Andrews, Gregg.  1996. City of Dust: A Cement Company Town in the Land of Tom Sawyer. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

Andrews, Kenneth R.  1950. Nook Farm: Mark Twain’s Hartford Circle. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Angel, Myron, ed.  1881. History of Nevada. Oakland, Calif.: Thompson and West. Index in Poulton 1966.

Annual Cyclopaedia 1883.  1884. Appletons’ Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1883. Vol. 23 (n.s. vol. 8). New York: D. Appleton and Co.

Annual Cyclopaedia 1884.  1885. Appletons’ Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1884. Vol. 24 (n.s. vol. 9). New York: D. Appleton and Co.

Annual Cyclopaedia 1885.  1886. Appletons’ Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1885. Vol. 25 (n.s. vol. 10). New York: D. Appleton and Co.

Annual Cyclopaedia 1901.  1902. Appletons’ Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1901. Vol. 41 (3d ser. vol. 6). New York: D. Appleton and Co.

“Antarctic Discoveries.”  1840. Monthly Chronicle of Events, Discoveries, Improvements and Opinions 1 (July): 210–19.

Applegate, Debby.  2006. The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher. New York: Doubleday.

Arlington National Cemetery Website.  2009. “Gordon Johnston.” http://arlingtoncemetery.net/gjohnstn.htm. Accessed 27 May 2009.

Ashcroft, Ralph W.  1904. “Plasmon’s Career in America: As Recounted by R. W. Ashcroft.” TS in CU-MARK.

AskART.

2008a. “Barry Faulkner.” http://www.askart.com/artist.aspx?artist=21782. Accessed 30 July 2008.

2008b. “Emma Beach Thayer.” http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=80017. Accessed 30 July 2008.

2008c. “Gerald Handerson Thayer.” http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=19926. Accessed 29 July 2008.

2008d. “Gladys Thayer (Mrs. David) Reasoner.” http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=86887. Accessed 30 July 2008.

2008e. “Karl Gerhardt.” http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?artist=116168. Accessed 28 August 2008.

Austen, Roger.  1991. Genteel Pagan: The Double Life of Charles Warren Stoddard. Edited by John W. Crowley. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

Austin, James C.

1953. Fields of “The Atlantic Monthly”: Letters to an Editor, 1861–1870. San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library.

1965. Petroleum V. Nasby (David Ross Locke). Twayne’s United States Authors Series, edited by Sylvia E. Bowman, no. 89. New York: Twayne Publishers.

Bacevich, Andrew J.  2006. “What Happened at Bud Dajo: A Forgotten Massacre—and Its Lessons.” Boston Globe, 12 March, C2. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2006/03/12/what_happened_at_bud_dajo/. Accessed 17 April 2009.

Badeau, Adam.

1868–81. Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, from April, 1861, to April, 1865. 3 vols. New York: D. Appleton and Co.

1887. Grant in Peace. Hartford: S. S. Scranton and Co.

Baedeker, Karl.

1880. The Rhine from Rotterdam to Constance. Handbook for Travellers. 7th remodelled ed. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker.

1893. The United States, with an Excursion into Mexico. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker.

1903. Italy: Handbook for Travellers. First Part: Northern Italy. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker.

Baetzhold, Howard G.  1970. Mark Twain and John Bull: The British Connection. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Bailey, Hugh C.  2009. “Edgar Gardner Murphy.” Encyclopedia of Alabama. http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1183. Accessed 4 September 2009.

BAL.  1955–91. Bibliography of American Literature. Compiled by Jacob Blanck. 9 vols. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Barnard College.

2008a. “The Making of Barnard. From Madison to Morningside.” http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/barnard/timelines/bc1889.htm. Accessed 3 September 2008.

2008b. “Past Barnard Leaders.” http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/president/search/leaders.html. Accessed 3 September 2008.

Beecher, William C., and Rev. Samuel Scoville, assisted by Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher.  1888. A Biography of Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. New York: Charles L. Webster and Co.

Beers, Ethel Lynn.  1861. “The Picket-Guard.” Harper’s Weekly 5 (30 November): 766.

Bell, Raymond Martin.  1984. “The Ancestry of Samuel Clemens, Grandfather of Mark Twain.” 413 Burton Avenue, Washington, Pa.: Raymond Martin Bell. Mimeograph.

Bierce, Ambrose.  1868. “The Pi-Ute Indians of Nevada.” Golden Era 16 (4 July): 2–3.

Biographical Review.  1898. Biographical Review, Containing Sketches of Leading Citizens of New London County, Connecticut. Atlantic States Series of Biographical Reviews, Vol. 26. Boston: Biographical Review Publishing Company.

Bishop, William Henry.

1877–78. “Detmold: A Romance.” Atlantic Monthly 40 (December 1877): 732–43, 41 (January–June 1878): 76–87, 189–201, 273–85, 409–20, 553–65, 697–710.

1879. Detmold: A Romance, Boston: Houghton, Osgood and Co.

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ET&S2.  1981. Early Tales & Sketches, Volume 2 (1864–1865). Edited by Edgar Marquess Branch and Robert H. Hirst, with the assistance of Harriet Elinor Smith. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

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1960. Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

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1996. Kate Field: Selected Letters. Edited by Carolyn J. Moss. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

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2005. “The Lost Manuscript Conclusion to Mark Twain’s ‘Corn-Pone Opinions’: An Editorial History and an Edition of the Restored Text.” American Literary Realism 37 (Spring): 238–58.

2006. The Reverend Mark Twain: Theological Burlesque, Form, and Content. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

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1885b. “The Siege of Vicksburg.” Century Magazine 30 (September): 752–67.

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1886. “Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant: Preparing for the Wilderness Campaign.” Century Magazine 31 (February): 573–82.

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1876. Saxon Studies. London: Strahan and Co.

1885. Nathaniel Hawthorne and His Wife: A Biography. 2 vols. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

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HF 2003.  2003. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited by Victor Fischer and Lin Salamo, with the late Walter Blair. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

HH&T.  1969. Mark Twain’s Hannibal, Huck & Tom. Edited by Walter Blair. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

HHR.  1969. Mark Twain’s Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers. Edited by Lewis Leary. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Hibbert, Christopher.  2001. Queen Victoria: A Personal History. New York: Da Capo Press.

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1872. Tom Hood’s Comic Annual for 1873. With Twenty-three Pages of Illustrations by the Brothers Dalziel. London: Published at the Fun Office.

1873. Tom Hood’s Comic Annual for 1874. With Twenty-three Pages of Illustrations by the Brothers Dalziel. London: Published at the Fun Office.

Hornberger, Theodore.  1941. Mark Twain’s Letters to Will Bowen. Austin: University of Texas.

Horner, Charles F.  1926. The Life of James Redpath and the Development of the Modern Lyceum. New York: Barse and Hopkins.

Horowitz, Johannes.  1898. “What Vienna Talks About.” New York Times, 3 April, 7.

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Hotten, John Camden, ed.  1872. Practical Jokes with Artemus Ward, Including the Story of the Man Who Fought Cats. London: John Camden Hotten. [Includes several pieces erroneously attributed to Clemens.]

House, Edward H.

1881. Japanese Episodes. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1888. Yone Santo: A Child of Japan. Chicago: Belford, Clarke and Co.

Houston, Edwin J.  1898. A Dictionary of Electrical Words, Terms and Phrases. 4th ed. New York: The W. J. Johnston Company.

Howden, Mary Louise.  1925. “Mark Twain as His Secretary at Stormfield Remembers Him.” New York Herald, 13 December, section 7: 1–4. Available at http://www.twainquotes.com/howden.html.

Howe, M. A. DeWolfe.  1922. Memories of a Hostess: A Chronicle of Eminent Friendships Drawn Chiefly from the Diaries of Mrs. James T. Fields. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press.

Howells, William Dean.

1869. “Reviews and Literary Notices.” Atlantic Monthly 24 (December): 764–66.

1872. Their Wedding Journey. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1874a. “Ralph Keeler.” Atlantic Monthly 33 (March): 366–67.

1874b. “Recent Literature.” Atlantic Monthly 33 (March): 368–76.

1885. The Rise of Silas Lapham. Boston: Ticknor and Co.

1886. Tuscan Cities. Boston: Ticknor and Co.

1890. A Hazard of New Fortunes. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1891. “Editor’s Study.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 82 (February): 478–83.

1900. Literary Friends and Acquaintance: A Personal Retrospect of American Authorship. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1910. My Mark Twain: Reminiscences and Criticisms. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1979. W. D. Howells, Selected Letters, Volume 2: 1873–1881. Edited and annotated by George Arms and Christoph K. Lohmann. Textual editors Christoph K. Lohmann and Jerry Herron. Boston: Twayne Publishers.

1980. W. D. Howells, Selected Letters, Volume 3: 1882–1891. Edited and annotated by Robert C. Leitz III, with Richard H. Ballinger and Christoph K. Lohmann. Textual editor Christoph K. Lohmann. Boston: Twayne Publishers.

Hoxie, Charles DeForest.  1910. Civics for New York State. New ed. New York: American Book Company.

Hutchinson, Joseph.  1910. “Two Opinions of Twain.” San Francisco Morning Call, 24 April, 36.

Hutton, Laurence.  1909. Talks in a Library with Laurence Hutton, Recorded by Isabel Moore. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

IaDmE.  Iowa State Education Association, Des Moines.

Inds.  1989. Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer among the Indians, and Other Unfinished Stories. Foreword and notes by Dahlia Armon and Walter Blair. The Mark Twain Library. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

Ingersoll, Lurton Dunham.  1866. Iowa and the Rebellion. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co.

InU-Li.  Indiana University Lilly Rare Books, Bloomington.

Irvine, Leigh H.  1900. “The Lone Cruise of the ‘Hornet’ Men.” Wide World Magazine 5 (September): 571–77.

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JC.  Jean Lampton Clemens.

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JLC.  Jane Lampton Clemens.

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Johnson, Merle.  1935. A Bibliography of the Works of Mark Twain, Samuel Langhorne Clemens. 2d ed, rev. and enl. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Johnson, Robert U.  1923. Remembered Yesterdays. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.

Johnson, Robert U., and C. C. Clough Buel, eds.  1887–88. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York: The Century Company.

Joshi, S. T., and David E. Schultz.  1999. Ambrose Bierce: An Annotated Bibliography of Primary Sources. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Keeler, Ralph.

1869a. Gloverson and His Silent Partners. Boston: Lee and Shepard.

1869b. “Three Years as a Negro Minstrel.” Atlantic Monthly 24 (July): 7–86.

1870a. “The Tour of Europe for $181 in Currency.” Atlantic Monthly 26 (July): 92–105.

1870b. Vagabond Adventures. Boston: Fields, Osgood and Co.

1874. “Owen Brown’s Escape from Harper’s Ferry.” Atlantic Monthly 33 (March): 342–65.

Keith, Clayton.  1914. Sketch of the Lampton Family in America, 1740–1914. N.p.

Keller, Helen.

1913. Out of the Dark: Essays, Letters, and Addresses on Physical and Social Vision. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page and Co.

1929. Midstream: My Later Life. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran and Co.

2003. The Story of My Life. Edited by Roger Shattuck and Dorothy Herrmann. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.

Kelly, J. Wells, comp.  1863. Second Directory of Nevada Territory. San Francisco: Valentine and Co.

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King, Grace.  1932. Memories of a Southern Woman of Letters. New York: Macmillan.

King, Joseph L.  1910. History of the San Francisco Stock and Exchange Board. San Francisco: Jos. L. King.

King, Moses.  1893. King’s Handbook of New York City: An Outline History and Description of the American Metropolis. 2d ed. Boston: Moses King.

Krauth, Leland.  1999. Proper Mark Twain. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

L1.  1988. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 1: 1853–1866. Edited by Edgar Marquess Branch, Michael B. Frank, and Kenneth M. Sanderson. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

L2.  1990. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 2: 1867–1868. Edited by Harriet Elinor Smith, Richard Bucci, and Lin Salamo. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

L3.  1992. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 3: 1869. Edited by Victor Fischer, Michael B. Frank, and Dahlia Armon. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

L4.  1995. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 4: 1870–1871. Edited by Victor Fischer, Michael B. Frank, and Lin Salamo. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

L5.  1997. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 5: 1872–1873. Edited by Lin Salamo and Harriet Elinor Smith. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

L6.  2002. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 6: 1874–1875. Edited by Michael B. Frank and Harriet Elinor Smith. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

Letters 1876–80.  2007. Mark Twain’s Letters, 1876–1880. Edited by Victor Fischer, Michael B. Frank, and Harriet Elinor Smith, with Sharon K. Goetz, Benjamin Griffin, and Leslie Myrick. Mark Twain Project Online. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Lampton, Lucius Marion.  1990. The Genealogy of Mark Twain. Jackson, Miss.: Diamond L. Publishing.

Lanier, Henry Wysham.  1938. The Players’ Book: A Half-Century of Fact, Feeling, Fun and Folklore. New York: The Players.

Lawson, Thomas W.  1905. Frenzied Finance: The Crime of Amalgamated. New York: Ridgway-Thayer Company.

Leary, Lewis, ed.  1961. Mark Twain’s Letters to Mary. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lee, Judith Yaross.  1987. “Anatomy of a Fascinating Failure.” Invention and Technology 3 (Summer): 55–60.

Legros, Lucien Alphonse, and John Cameron Grant.  1916. Typographical Printing-Surfaces: The Technology and Mechanism of Their Production. London: Longmans, Green and Co.

Lewis, Alfred Henry.  1901. Richard Croker. New York: Life Publishing Company.

Lewis, Oscar.

1947. Silver Kings: The Lives and Times of Mackay, Fair, Flood, and O’Brien, Lords of the Nevada Comstock Lode. Ashland, Ore.: Lewis Osborne.

1971. The Life and Times of the Virginia City “Territorial Enterprise”: Being Reminiscences of Five Distinguished Comstock Journalists. Ashland, Ore.: Lewis Osborne.

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2008. “When Johnny comes marching home again.” http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200000024/default.html. Accessed 8 April 2008.

2009. “The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War.” http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html. Accessed 29 April 2009.

Lincoln, Abraham.  1894. Abraham Lincoln: Complete Works, Comprising His Speeches, Letters, State Papers, and Miscellaneous Writings. Edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay. 2 vols. New York: The Century Company.

LLMT.  1949. The Love Letters of Mark Twain. Edited by Dixon Wecter. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Lloyd, B. E.  1876. Lights and Shades in San Francisco. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft and Co.

LNT.  Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

Logan, Guy E.  2009. “Historical Sketch: Second Regiment Iowa Volunteer Infantry.” Volume 1 of Roster and Record of Iowa Troops In the Rebellion. 6 vols. In “Iowa In The Civil War Project.” http://iagenweb.org/civilwar/books/logan/mil302.htm. Accessed 19 March 2009.

Logan, Olive.  1870. Before the Footlights and Behind the Scenes. Philadelphia: Parmelee and Co.

Longfellow Memorial Association.  1882. “Longfellow Memorial Association. [Circular.].” Literary World 13 (20 May): 160.

Lorch, Fred W.

1940. “A Note on Tom Blankenship (Huckleberry Finn).” American Literature 12 (November): 351–53.

1968. The Trouble Begins at Eight: Mark Twain’s Lecture Tours. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Lord, Eliot.  1883. Comstock Mining and Miners. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. [Citations are to the 1959 reprint edition, introduction by David F. Myrick, Berkeley: Howell-North.]

Love, Robertus.  1902. “Mark Twain Takes a Drive with His Schoolmate’s Pretty Daughter.” St. Louis Post Dispatch, 2 June, 5.

Lyceum.

1870. The Lyceum: Containing a Complete List of Lecturers, Readers, and Musicians for the Season of 1870–71. Boston: Redpath and Fall.

1871. The Lyceum Magazine: Edited by the Boston Lyceum Bureau, and Containing Its Third Annual List. For the Season of 1871–1872. Boston: Redpath and Fall.

1883. The Redpath Lyceum Magazine. An Annual Publication Issued by the Redpath Lyceum Bureau, Sole Agents for the Principal Lecturers, Readers and Musical Celebrities of the Country. Season of 1883–84. Fifteenth Year. Boston and Chicago: [Redpath’s Lyceum Bureau].

Lynch, Denis Tilden.  1932. Grover Cleveland: A Man Four-Square. New York: Horace Liveright.

Lyon, Isabel V.

1903–6. Journal of seventy-four pages, with entries dated 7 November 1903 to 14 January 1906, CU-MARK.

1905. Diary in The Standard Daily Reminder: 1905. MS notebook of 368 pages, CU-MARK.

1906. Diary in The Standard Daily Reminder: 1906. MS notebook of 368 pages, CU-MARK.

1907. Diary in Date Book for 1907. MS notebook of 368 pages, CU-MARK.

Lystra, Karen.  2004. Dangerous Intimacy: The Untold Story of Mark Twain’s Final Years. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Macpherson, John, ed.  1881. The Westminster Confession of Faith. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark.

Manley, R. M.

1897. “The Criticism of Mr. Savage.” New York Times, 25 December, 6.

1903. [Hilary Trent, pseud.]. Mr. Claghorn’s Daughter. New York: J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Company.

Marchman, Watt P.  1957. “David Ross Locke (‘Petroleum V. Nasby’).” Museum Echoes 30 (May): 35–38.

Marion Census.

1850. Population Schedules of the Seventh Census of the United States, 1850. Roll 406. Missouri: Marion, Mercer, Miller, and Mississippi Counties. National Archives Microfilm Publications, Microcopy no. 432. Washington, D.C.: General Services Administration.

1860. Population Schedules of the Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Roll 632. Missouri: Maries and Marion Counties. National Archives Microfilm Publications, Microcopy no. 653. Washington, D.C.: General Services Administration.

1870. Population Schedules of the Ninth Census of the United States, 1870. Roll M593. Missouri: Marion County. PH in CU-MARK.

Marion Veterans Census.  1890. “Special Schedule. Surviving Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines, and Widows, etc.” Special Schedules of the Eleventh Census Enumerating Union Veterans and Widows of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Roll 31. Missouri: Marion County. PH in CU-MARK.

Marsh, Andrew J., Samuel L. Clemens, and Amos Bowman.  1972. Reports of the 1863 Constitutional Convention of the Territory of Nevada. Edited by William C. Miller, Eleanore Bushnell, Russell W. McDonald, and Ann Rollins. Reno: Legislative Counsel Bureau, State of Nevada.

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Mathews, Mitford M., ed.  1951. A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Matthews, Brander.

1917. These Many Years: Recollections of a New Yorker. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

1922. “Memories of Mark Twain.” In The Tocsin of Revolt and Other Essays, 253–94. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Maudslay, Alfred P., and Joseph T. Goodman.  1889–1902. Archaeology. 6 vols. London: R. H. Porter and Dulau and Co.

MB.  Boston Public Library and Eastern Massachusetts Regional Public Library System, Boston.

McClellan, George B.  1887. McClellan’s Own Story. Edited by William C. Prime. New York: Charles L. Webster and Co.

McFeely, William S.  1981. Grant: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.

McLaren, Elizabeth T.  1889. Dr. John Brown and His Sister Isabella: Outlines. Edinburgh: David Douglas.

McNulty, John Bard.  1964. Older than the Nation: The Story of the Hartford Courant. Stonington, Conn.: Pequot Press.

MEC.  Mary E. (Mollie) Clemens.

Meltzer, Milton.  1960. Mark Twain Himself. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.

MFai.  Millicent Library, Fairhaven, Mass.

MH-H.  Harvard University, Houghton Library, Cambridge, Mass.

MHi.  Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.

MiD.  Detroit Public Library, Detroit, Mich.

Missouri Digital Heritage.

2009a. “Missouri Birth and Death Records Database, pre-1910” and “Missouri Death Certificate 1910–1958.” Missouri State Archives. http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/birthdeath. Accessed 4 March 2009.

2009b. “Soldiers’ Records: War of 1812–World War I.” http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/soldiers. Accessed 13 February 2009.

“Missouri Marriage Records, 1805–2002.”  2009. PH in CU-MARK.

Mitchell, Josiah A.

1866. “Diary of Capt. J. A. Mitchell of the Ship Hornet for the Year 1866.” MS in C. Published in Mitchell 1927 and in Alexander Crosby Brown 1974.

1927. The Diary of Captain Josiah A. Mitchell, 1866. Hartford, Conn.: Privately printed by the Case, Lockwood and Brainard Company.

MiU-H.  University of Michigan, Michigan Historical Collection, Ann Arbor.

MnHi.  Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.

MoCoJ.  Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Columbia, Mo.

Moffett, Samuel E.

1899. “Mark Twain. A Biographical Sketch.” McClure’s Magazine 13 (October): 523–29. Reprinted with revisions in SLC 1900a, 314–33.

1907. The Americanization of Canada. Ph.D. diss., Columbia University. N.p.

MoHM.  Mark Twain Museum, Hannibal, Mo.

Monk, John.  2003. “Bitter S. C. Feud Led to 1903 ‘Crime of the Century.’” http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/gonzales/ng-murder.htm. Accessed 18 September 2008. Reprinted from Columbia (South Carolina) State, 12 January 2003.

MoPlS.  School of the Ozarks, Point Lookout, Mo.

MoSW.  Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.

Mott, Frank Luther.

1938. A History of American Magazines, 1850–1865. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

1957. A History of American Magazines, 1865–1885. 2d printing [1st printing, 1938]. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

MS.  Manuscript.

MSM.  1969. Mark Twain’s Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts. Edited by William M. Gibson. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

MTA.  1924. Mark Twain’s Autobiography. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers.

MTB.  1912. Mark Twain: A Biography. By Albert Bigelow Paine. 3 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers. [Volume numbers in citations are to this edition; page numbers are the same in all editions.]

MTBus.  1946. Mark Twain, Business Man. Edited by Samuel Charles Webster. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.

MTE.  1940. Mark Twain in Eruption. Edited by Bernard DeVoto. New York: Harper and Brothers.

MTEnt.  1957. Mark Twain of the “Enterprise.” Edited by Henry Nash Smith, with the assistance of Frederick Anderson. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

MTH.  1947. Mark Twain and Hawaii. By Walter Francis Frear. Chicago: Lakeside Press.

MTHL.  1960. Mark Twain–Howells Letters. Edited by Henry Nash Smith and William M. Gibson, with the assistance of Frederick Anderson. 2 vols. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

MTL.  1917. Mark Twain’s Letters. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers.

MTLP.  1967. Mark Twain’s Letters to His Publishers, 1867–1894. Edited by Hamlin Hill. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

MTMF.  1949. Mark Twain to Mrs. Fairbanks. Edited by Dixon Wecter. San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library.

MTN.  1935. Mark Twain’s Notebook. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. New York: Harper and Brothers.

MTPO.  2007. Mark Twain Project Online. Edited by the Mark Twain Project. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [Launched 1 November 2007.] http://marktwainproject.org.

MTS 1910.  1910. Mark Twain’s Speeches. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. New York: Harper and Brothers.

MTS 1923.  1923. Mark Twain’s Speeches. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. New York: Harper and Brothers.

MTTB.  1940. Mark Twain’s Travels with Mr. Brown. Edited by Franklin Walker and G. Ezra Dane. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Murphy, Edgar Gardner.  1904. Problems of the Present South. New York: Macmillan.

Murray, T. Douglas, ed.  1902. Jeanne d’Arc: Maid of Orleans, Deliverer of France. London: William Heinemann.

Myers, Gustavus.  1901. The History of Tammany Hall. New York: The author. Second edition published in 1917 by Boni and Liveright.

N&J1.  1975. Mark Twain’s Notebooks & Journals, Volume 1 (1855–1873). Edited by Frederick Anderson, Michael B. Frank, and Kenneth M. Sanderson. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

N&J2.  1975. Mark Twain’s Notebooks & Journals, Volume 2 (1877–1883). Edited by Frederick Anderson, Lin Salamo, and Bernard Stein. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

N&J3.  1979. Mark Twain’s Notebooks & Journals, Volume 3 (1883–1891). Edited by Robert Pack Browning, Michael B. Frank, and Lin Salamo. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

NAR 1.  1906. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—I. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 183 (7 September): 321–30. Galley proofs of the “Introduction” only (NAR 1pf) at ViU.

NAR 2.  1906. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—II. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 183 (21 September): 449–60. Galley proofs (NAR 2pf) at ViU.

NAR 3.  1906. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—III. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 183 (5 October): 577–89. Galley proofs (NAR 3pf) at ViU.

NAR 4.  1906. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—IV. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 183 (19 October): 705–16. Galley proofs (NAR 4pf) at ViU.

NAR 5.  1906. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—V. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 183 (2 November): 833–44. Galley proofs (NAR 5pf) at ViU.

NAR 6.  1906. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—VI.” North American Review 183 (16 November): 961–70. Galley proofs (NAR 6pf) at ViU.

NAR 7.  1906. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—VII. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 183 (7 December): 1089–95. Galley proofs (NAR 7pf) at ViU.

NAR 8.  1906. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—VIII. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 183 (21 December): 1217–24. Galley proofs (NAR 8pf) at ViU.

NAR 9.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—IX. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 184 (4 January): 1–14. Galley proofs (NAR 9pf) at ViU.

NAR 10.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—X. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 184 (18 January): 113–19. Galley proofs (NAR 10pf) at ViU.

NAR 11.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XI. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 184 (1 February): 225–32. Galley proofs (NAR 11pf) at ViU.

NAR 12.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XII. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 184 (15 February): 337–46. Galley proofs (NAR 12pf) at ViU.

NAR 13.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XIII. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 184 (1 March): 449–63. Galley proofs (NAR 13pf) at ViU.

NAR 14.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XIV. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 184 (15 March): 561–71.

NAR 15.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XV. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 184 (5 April): 673–82. Galley proofs (NAR 15pf) at ViU.

NAR 16.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XVI. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 184 (19 April): 785–93.

NAR 17.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XVII. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 185 (3 May): 1–12. Galley proofs (NAR 17pf) at ViU.

NAR 18.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XVIII. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 185 (17 May): 113–22.

NAR 19.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XIX. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 185 (7 June): 241–51. Galley proofs (NAR 19pf) at ViU.

NAR 20.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XX. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 185 (5 July): 465–74.

NAR 21.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography—XXI. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 185 (2 August): 689–98. Galley proofs (NAR 21pf) at ViU.

NAR 22.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XXII. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 186 (September): 8–21.

NAR 23.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XXIII. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 186 (October): 161–73.

NAR 24.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XXIV. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 186 (November): 327–36. Galley proofs (NAR 24pf) at ViU.

NAR 25.  1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XXV. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 186 (December): 481–94. Galley proofs (NAR 25pf) at ViU.

National Park Service.  2008. “Mammoth Cave National Park. Frequently Asked Questions.” U.S. Department of the Interior. http://www.nps.gov/maca/faqs.htm. Accessed 2 July 2008.

Newton, A. E.  1879. The Modern Bethesda, or the Gift of Healing Restored. Being Some Account of the Life and Labors of Dr. J. R. Newton, Healer. New York: Newton Publishing Company.

NIC.  Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

Nicolay, John G., and John Hay.  1890. Abraham Lincoln: A History. 10 vols. New York: The Century Company.

NjWoE.  Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Thomas A. Edison Papers.

NMh.  Library of Poultney Bigelow, Bigelow Homestead, Malden-on-Hudson, N.Y.

NNAL.  American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, N.Y.

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NNC.  Columbia University, New York, N.Y.

NNDB.  2009. “Benjamin Franklin Butler.” http://www.nndb.com/people/171/000102862/. Accessed 2 April 2009.

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NYC10044.  2009. “Roosevelt Island: Timeline of Island History.” http://nyc10044.com/timeln/timeline.html. Accessed 13 May 2009.

Ober, K. Patrick.  2003. Mark Twain and Medicine: “Any Mummery Will Cure.” Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

OC.  Orion Clemens.

ODaU.  University of Dayton, Roesch Library, Dayton, Ohio.

Oettel, Walter.  1943. Walter’s Sketch Book of The Players. [New York]: Privately printed by the Gotham Press.

Ohio County Public Library.  2008. “The Wheeling Stogie.” http://wheeling.weirton.lib.wv.us/history/bus/stogie79.htm. Accessed 27 June 2008.

OKeU.  Kent State University, Kent, Ohio [formerly OKentU].

OLC (Olivia [Livy] Langdon Clemens).  1877–1902. Diary of twenty-five leaves, written intermittently between 1877 and 1902, CU-MARK.

OLL.  Olivia (Livy) Louise Langdon.

OSC (Olivia Susan [Susy] Clemens).

1885–86. Untitled biography of her father, MS of 131 pages, annotated by SLC, ViU. Published in OSC 1985, 83–225; in part in MTA , vol. 2, passim; and in Salsbury 1965, passim.

1985. Papa: An Intimate Biography of Mark Twain. Edited by Charles Neider. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co.

Owsley, Harry Bryan.  1890. Genealogical Facts of the Owsley Family in England and America from the Time of the ‘Restoration’ to the Present. TS of 105 pages, DNDAR.

PAM.  Pamela Ann Moffett.

Panama Canal Authority.  2008. “Frequently Asked Questions: History.” http://www.pancanal.com/eng/general/canal-faqs/index.html. Accessed 28 February 2008.

P&P.  1979. The Prince and the Pauper. Edited by Victor Fischer and Lin Salamo with the assistance of Mary Jane Jones. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Pasko, Wesley Washington.  1894. American Dictionary of Printing and Bookmaking. New York: Howard Lockwood and Co. [Citations are to the 1967 reprint edition, Detroit: Gale Research Company.]

Peirce, Henry B., and D. Hamilton Hurd.  1879. History of Tioga, Chemung, Tompkins and Schuyler Counties, New York. Philadelphia: Everts and Ensign.

Pond, James B.  1900. Eccentricities of Genius: Memories of Famous Men and Women of the Platform and Stage. New York: G. W. Dillingham Company.

Portrait.  1895. Portrait and Biographical Record of Marion, Ralls and Pike Counties, with a Few from Macon, Adair, and Lewis Counties, Missouri. Chicago: C. O. Owen and Co. [Citations are to the 1982 revised reprint edition, edited by Oliver Howard and Goldena Howard. New London, Mo.: Ralls County Book Company.]

Poulton, Helen J.  1966. Index to History of Nevada. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

Prime, William C.  1857. Tent Life in the Holy Land. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Quicherat, Jules.  1841–49. Procès de la Condamnation et de Réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc, dite la Pucelle. Paris: Société de l’Histoire de France.

Ralls Census.  1850. Population Schedules of the Seventh Census of the United States, 1850. Roll 411. Missouri: District 73, Ralls County. PH in CU-MARK.

Ramsay, Robert L., and Frances G. Emberson.  1963. A Mark Twain Lexicon. New York: Russell and Russell.

Rasmussen, R. Kent.  2007. Critical Companion to Mark Twain: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. 2 vols. New York: Facts on File.

Raymond, R. W.  1881. A Glossary of Mining and Metallurgical Terms. Easton, Pa.: American Institute of Mining Engineers.

“Rev. Dr. Buckley and Newton the Healer.”  1883. The Medical Record 24 (10 November): 519–20.

RI 1993.  1993. Roughing It. Edited by Harriet Elinor Smith, Edgar Marquess Branch, Lin Salamo, and Robert Pack Browning. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [This edition supersedes the one published in 1972.]

RoBards, John L.  1909. “How a Boy of Eleven Years Crossed the Plains in Forty-Nine. Recollections of Col. John L. Robards of Hannibal, Missouri, Whose Trip to California Made Him the Wonder of Other Boys.” Newspaper interview dated 6 November 1909. In Genealogy of the RoBards Family (1910). Part 15, 70–77. http://dgmweb.net/Resources/GenLin/RoBards-Pt15-JohnLewisRobards.shtml. Accessed 2 February 2009.

Robards Family Genealogy.  2009. History and Genealogy of the RoBards Family (1910). James Harvey Robards, comp. 18 parts. http://dgmweb.net/Resources/GenLin/RoBards-Pt01-PrefaceEtc.shtml. Accessed 2 February 2009.

Robarts, William Hugh.  1887. Mexican War Veterans: A Complete Roster of the Regular and Volunteer Troops in the War between the United States and Mexico, from 1846 to 1848. Washington, D.C.: Brentano’s.

Robinson, Forrest G.  2007. The Author-Cat: Clemens’s Life in Fiction. New York, N.Y.: Fordham University Press.

Robinson, William S.  1869. “Letter from ‘Warrington.’” Springfield (Mass.) Republican, 13 November, 2. http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/onstage/sandrev1.html. Accessed 18 June 2007.

Roosevelt, Theodore.  1906. A Square Deal. Allendale, N.J.: Allendale Press.

Roosevelt Island Historical Society.  2009. “The Roosevelt Island Story.” http://www.correctionhistory.org/rooseveltisland. Accessed 13 May 2009.

Ross, Janet.  1912. The Fourth Generation: Reminiscences by Janet Ross. London: Constable and Co.

RPB-JH.  Brown University, John Hay Library of Rare Books and Special Collections, Providence, R.I.

Salm.  Collection of Peter A. Salm.

Salsbury, Edith Colgate, ed.  1965. Susy and Mark Twain: Family Dialogues. New York: Harper and Row.

S&B.  1967. Mark Twain’s Satires & Burlesques. Edited by Franklin R. Rogers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Satre, Lowell J.  1982. “After the Match Girls’ Strike: Bryant and May in the 1890s.” Victorian Studies 26 (Autumn): 7–31.

Sayre, Paul L.  1932. Review of W. P. Barrett, The Trial of Jeanne d’Arc. Harvard Law Review 45 (June): 1449–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1135220. Accessed 24 April 2007.

Scharnhorst, Gary.

2004. “Kate Field and the New York Tribune.” American Periodicals: A Journal of History, Criticism, and Bibliography 14 (2): 159–78.

2006. Mark Twain: The Complete Interviews. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Schmidt, Barbara.

2008a. “Chronology of Known Mark Twain Speeches, Public Readings, and Lectures.” http://www.twainquotes.com/SpeechIndex.html. Accessed 24 October 2008.

2008b. “The Lost Autobiography of Orion Clemens.” http://www.twainquotes.com/oc.html. Accessed 10 July 2008.

2009a. “Mark Twain’s Angel-Fish Roster and Other Young Women of Interest.” http://www.twainquotes.com/angelfish/angelfish.html. Accessed 20 May 2009.

2009b. “Mark Twain’s Illustrated Autobiography.” http://www.twainquotes.com/illustratedAutobio.html. Accessed 21 September 2009.

2009c. “Mark Twain and Karl Gerhardt.” http://www.twainquotes.com/Gerhardt/gerhardt.html. Accessed 25 September 2009.

2009d. “Works of Karl Gerhardt.” http://www.twainquotes.com/Gerhardt/grantbustdetails.html. Accessed 27 September 2009.

Scientific American.  1901. “Mark Twain, James W. Paige and the Paige Typesetter.” Scientific American 84 (9 March): 150.

Scott, Arthur L.  1963. “The Innocents Adrift Edited by Mark Twain’s Official Biographer.” PMLA 78 (June): 230–37.

Selby, P. O., comp.  1973. Mark Twain’s Kinfolks. Kirksville, Mo.: Missouriana Library, Northeast Missouri State University.

Sellers, Ruth Aulbach.  1972. “Captain Tonk Was Clown Prince of Murray, Idaho.” Kellogg (Idaho) Evening News, 22 December, unknown page.

Shapiro, Fred R., ed.  2006. The Yale Book of Quotations. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Shaw, Henry Wheeler [Josh Billings, pseud.].  1869. Josh Billings’ Farmer’s Allminax for the Year of Our Lord 1870. New York: G. W. Carleton.

Sheridan, Philip H.  1888. Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan, General, United States Army. 2 vols. New York: Charles L. Webster and Co.

Sherman, William T.  1875. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton and Co.

Skandera-Trombley, Laura E.  1994. Mark Twain in the Company of Women. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

SLC (Samuel Langhorne Clemens).

1851. “A Gallant Fireman.” Hannibal Western Union, 16 January, 3. Reprinted in ET&S1 , 62.

1855–56. “‘Jul’us Caesar.’” MS of fourteen pages on four folios, NPV. Reprinted in ET&S1 , 110–17.

1864a. “Doings in Nevada.” Letter dated 4 January. New York Sunday Mercury, 7 February, 3. Reprinted in MTEnt, 121–26.

1864b. “Those Blasted Children.” New York Sunday Mercury, 21 February, 3.

1865. “Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog.” New York Saturday Press 4 (18 November): 248–49. Reprinted in ET&S2, 282–88.

1866a. “Captain Montgomery.” San Francisco Golden Era 14 (28 January): 6.

1866b. “Scenes in Honolulu—No. 13.” Letter dated 22 June. Sacramento Union, 16 July, 3. Reprinted in MTH, 328–34.

1866c. “Letter from Honolulu.” Letter dated 25 June. Sacramento Union, 19 July, 1. Reprinted in MTH, 335–47.

1866d. “Forty-three Days in an Open Boat.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 34 (December): 104–13.

1867a. The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and Other Sketches. Edited by John Paul. New York: C. H. Webb.

1867b. “The Winner of the Medal.” New York Sunday Mercury, 3 March, 3.

1867c. “A Curtain Lecture Concerning Skating.” New York Sunday Mercury, 17 March, 3.

1867d. “Barbarous.” New York Sunday Mercury, 24 March, 3.

1867e. “From Mark Twain. Explanatory.” St. Louis Missouri Republican, 24 March, 1.

1867f. “Female Suffrage.” New York Sunday Mercury, 7 April, 3.

1867g. “Official Physic.” New York Sunday Mercury, 21 April, 3.

1867h. “Letter from ‘Mark Twain.’ [No. 14.]” Letter dated 16 April. San Francisco Alta California, 26 May, 1. Reprinted in MTTB , 141–48.

1867i. “Letter from ‘Mark Twain.’ [No. 18.]” Letter dated 18 May. San Francisco Alta California, 23 June, 1. Reprinted in part in MTTB , 180–91.

1867j. “A Reminiscence of Artemus Ward.” New York Sunday Mercury, 7 July, 3.

1867k. “Jim Wolf and the Tom-Cats.” New York Sunday Mercury, 14 July, 3. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 235–37.

1867l. “The Mediterranean Excursion.” Letter dated 23 June. New York Tribune, 30 July, 2. Reprinted in TIA, 10–18.

1867m. “The Mediterranean Excursion.” New York Tribune, 6 September, 2. Reprinted in TIA, 72–74.

1867n. “Americans on a Visit to the Emperor of Russia.” Letter dated 26 August. New York Tribune, 19 September, 1. Reprinted in TIA, 142–50.

1867o. “A Yankee in the Orient.” Letter dated 31 August. New York Tribune, 25 October, 2. Reprinted in TIA, 128–32.

1867p. “The American Colony in Palestine.” Letter dated 2 October. New York Tribune, 2 November, 2. Reprinted in TIA, 306–9.

1867q. “The Holy Land Excursion. Letter from ‘Mark Twain.’ Number Twenty-one.” San Francisco Alta California, 3 November, 1. Reprinted in TIA, 137–42.

1867r. “The Holy Land. First Day in Palestine.” New York Tribune, 9 November, 1. Reprinted in TIA, 209–13.

1867s. “The Cruise of the Quaker City.” Undated letter written 19 November. New York Herald, 20 November, 7. Reprinted in TIA, 313–19.

1867t. “Interview with Gen. Grant.” MS of nine leaves, datelined “Washingon, Dec. 6,” NPV.

1868a. “Mark Twain in Washington. Special Correspondence of the Alta California.” Letter dated 10 December 1867. San Francisco Alta California, 15 January, 1.

1868b. “General Washington’s Negro Body-Servant. A Biographical Sketch.” Galaxy 5 (February): 154–56.

1868c. “Mark Twain in Washington. Special Correspondent of the Alta California.” Letter dated 11 January. San Francisco Alta California, 5 February, 2.

1868d. “Letter from Mark Twain.” Letter dated 31 January. Chicago Republican, 8 February, 2.

1868e. “Boy’s Manuscript.” MS of fifty-eight leaves, written in October–November, CU-MARK. Published in Inds, 1–19.

1869a. The Innocents Abroad; or, The New Pilgrims’ Progress. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1869b. “Letter from Mark Twain.” Letter dated July. San Francisco Alta California, 25 July, 1.

1870a. “Anson Burlingame.” Buffalo Express, 25 February, 2. Reprinted in SLC 1923, 17–23.

1870b. “The Facts in the Case of the Great Beef Contract.” Galaxy 9 (May): 718–21. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 367–73.

1870c. “The Late Benjamin Franklin.” Galaxy 10 (July): 138–40.

1870d. “Fortifications of Paris.” Buffalo Express, 17 September, 2.

1870e. “Riley—Newspaper Correspondent.” Galaxy 10 (November): 726–27.

1871a. Mark Twain’s (Burlesque) Autobiography and First Romance. New York: Sheldon and Co.

1871b. “The Facts in the Case of George Fisher, Deceased.” Galaxy 11 (January): 152–55. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 500–506.

1871c. “An Autobiography.” Aldine 4 (April): 52.

1872. Roughing It. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1873–74. The Gilded Age: A Tale of To-day. Charles Dudley Warner, coauthor. Hartford: American Publishing Company. [Early copies bound with 1873 title page, later ones with 1874 title page: see BAL 3357.]

1874a. Colonel Sellers. A Drama in Five Acts. By Samuel L. Clemens. Mark Twain. Elmira N. Y. Entered in the office of the Librarian of Congress. July 1874. A dramatization of The Gilded Age. Three manuscripts survive: one in DLC, and two in CU-MARK.

1874b. “A True Story, Repeated Word for Word as I Heard It.” Atlantic Monthly 34 (November): 591–94. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 578–82.

1875a. “Old Times on the Mississippi.” Atlantic Monthly 35 (January–June): 69–73, 217–24, 283–89, 446–52, 567–74, 721–30; Atlantic Monthly 36 (August): 190–96.

1875b. “Encounter with an Interviewer.” In Brougham and Elderkin 1875, 25–32. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 583–87.

1875c. Mark Twain’s Sketches, New and Old. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1876. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1876–85. “A Record of the Small Foolishnesses of Susie & ‘Bay’ Clemens (Infants).” MS of 111 pages, ViU.

1877a. A True Story, and the Recent Carnival of Crime. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1877b. “Autobiography of a Damned Fool.” MS of 115 pages, written March–May, with minor revisions after 1880, CU-MARK. Published in S&B , 134–61.

1880a. A Tramp Abroad. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1880b. “On the Decay of the Art of Lying.” Paper presented at the Hartford Monday Evening Club on 5 April. Published in SLC 1882a, 217–25. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 824–29.

1880c. “The Shakspeare Mulberry.” MS of twelve pages, written on 23 November, CtHMTH.

1881. The Prince and the Pauper: A Tale for Young People of All Ages. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1882a. The Stolen White Elephant, Etc. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1882b. “The McWilliamses and the Burglar Alarm.” Harper’s Christmas: Pictures & Papers Done by the Tile Club and Its Literary Friends (December): 28–29. Reprinted in SLC 1922a, 315–24, and Budd 1992a, 837–43.

1883. Life on the Mississippi. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1884. “Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer among the Indians.” MS originally of 228 pages, written beginning in July, primarily in MiD (some of the MS is at other institutions, some is missing: see Inds, 372–73). Published in HH&T, 81–140, and Inds, 33–81.

1885a. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Charles L. Webster and Co.

1885b. “The Private History of a Campaign That Failed.” Century Magazine 31 (December): 193–204. Reprinted in Budd 1992b, 863–82.

1887. “English as She Is Taught.” Century Magazine 33 (April): 932–36.

1889. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. New York: Charles L. Webster and Co.

1891a. “The Innocents Adrift.” MS of 174 pages, CU-MARK. Published in part as “Down the Rhone” in SLC 1923, 129–68.

1891b. “Mental Telegraphy.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 84 (December): 95–104.

1892. The American Claimant. New York: Charles L. Webster and Co.

1893. “The Back Number: A Monthly Magazine.” MS of five leaves, NNPM.

1894a. Tom Sawyer Abroad. New York: Charles L. Webster and Co.

1894b. The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson and the Comedy Those Extraordinary Twins. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1895. “Mental Telegraphy Again.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 91 (September): 521–24.

1896a. Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1896b. Tom Sawyer Abroad, Tom Sawyer, Detective and Other Stories Etc., Etc. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1896c. “Tom Sawyer, Detective.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 93 (August–September): 344–61, 519–37.

1896–1906. “Memorial to Susy.” MS of 104 leaves, various drafts and parts, CU-MARK.

1897a. Following the Equator: A Journey Around the World. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1897b. More Tramps Abroad. London: Chatto and Windus.

1897c. Unititled MS of thirty-nine leaves concerning Wilhelmine, Margravine of Bayreuth, CU-MARK.

1897d. “England’s Jubilee Pageant to Be the Greatest in History.” San Francisco Examiner, 20 June, 13. Reprinted in SLC 1923, 193–206.

1897e. “His Jubilee Art.” San Francisco Examiner, 20 June, 13–14.

1897f. “All Nations Pay Homage to Victoria.” San Francisco Examiner, 23 June, 1, 4. Reprinted in SLC 1923, 206–10.

1897g. “Villagers of 1840–3.” MS of forty-three leaves, written in July–August, CU-MARK. Published in Inds, 93–108.

1897–?1902. “Tom Sawyer’s Conspiracy.” MS of 241 pages, CU-MARK. Published in HH&T, 152–242, and Inds, 134–213.

1898a. “Dueling.” MS of sixteen pages, written on 8 March, CU-MARK.

1898b. “At the Appetite-Cure.” Cosmopolitan 25 (August): 425–33.

1898c. “Schoolhouse Hill.” MS of 139 pages, written in November–December, CU-MARK. Published in MSM, 175–220, and Inds, 214–59.

1899a. “Samuel Langhorne Clemens.” MS of fourteen leaves, notes written in March for Samuel E. Moffett to use in preparing a biographical sketch, NN-BGC.

1899b. “Concerning the Jews.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 99 (September): 527–35.

1899c. “Christian Science and the Book of Mrs. Eddy.” Cosmopolitan 27 (October): 585–94.

1899d. “My Début as a Literary Person.” Century Magazine 59 (November): 76–88.

1899e. “My First Lie and How I Got Out of It.” New York World, 10 December, Supplement, 1–2. Reprinted in Budd 1992b, 439–46.

1900a. How to Tell a Story and Other Essays. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1900b. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and Other Stories and Essays. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1901. “Two Little Tales.” Century Magazine 63 (November): 24–32.

1902a. “Aguinaldo.” MS of sixty-two leaves and TS of twenty-one leaves, CU-MARK. Published as “Review of Edwin Wildman’s Biography of Aguinaldo” in Zwick 1992, 86–108.

1902b. “Huck.” MS of one page, probably written in 1902, CU-MARK.

1902c. “A Defence of General Funston.” North American Review 174 (May): 613–24. Reprinted in Zwick 1992, 119–32.

1902d. “Christian Science.” North American Review 175 (December): 756–68.

1903a. My Début as a Literary Person with Other Essays and Stories. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1903b. “Christian Science—II.” North American Review 176 (January): 1–9.

1903c. “Christian Science—III.” North American Review 176 (February): 173–84.

1903d. “Mrs. Eddy in Error.” North American Review 176 (April): 505–17.

1903e. “Major General Wood, M.D.” MS of ten leaves, written 15 December, and TS of five leaves, typed and revised before 28 December, CU-MARK. Reprinted in Zwick 1992, 151–55.

1904a. “The Countess Massiglia.” MS of thirty-six leaves, CU-MARK.

1904b. “Saint Joan of Arc.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 110 (December): 3–12.

1905a. King Leopold’s Soliloquy. A Defense of his Congo Rule. Boston: P. R. Warren Company.

1905b. “Concerning Copyright: An Open Letter to the Register of Copyrights.” North American Review 80 (January): 1–8. Reprinted in Budd 1992b, 627–34.

1905c. “From My Unpublished Autobiography.” Harper’s Weekly 49 (18 March): 391. Reprinted as “Mark Twain Was Pioneer in Use of Typewriter,” Atlanta Constitution, 3 April, 6.

1905d. “‘Russian Liberty Has Had Its Last Chance,’ Says Mark Twain.” Letter to the editor dated 29 August. Boston Globe, 30 August, 4 (morning edition), 11 (evening edition). Also known as “The Treaty of Portsmouth.”

1905e. “John Hay and the Ballads.” Harper’s Weekly 49 (21 October): 1530.

1905f. “‘Mark Twain’ Talks Peace.” Chicago Tribune, 5 November, 1. Text of speech available online at http://www.twainquotes.com/Peace.html.

1905g. “Mark Twain’s 70th Birthday: Souvenir of Its Celebration.” Supplement to Harper’s Weekly 49 (23 December): 1883–1914. Facsimile available at MTPO.

1906a. “A Family Sketch.” MS of sixty-five pages, CLjC.

1906b. What Is Man? New York: De Vinne Press.

1906c. “A Horse’s Tale.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 113 (August–September): 327–42, 539–49.

1906d. “Hunting the Deceitful Turkey.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 114 (December): 57–58.

1909a. “To Rev. S. C. Thompson.” MS of seventeen pages, written 23 April, CU-MARK. Published in part in MTB, 1:482–83.

1909b. “Ashcroft-Lyon Manuscript.” MS of 464 leaves, written May–September, CU-MARK.

1909c. “H. H. Rogers.” MS of twenty pages, consisting of several pagination sequences, written between August and December, CU-MARK. Published in MTA , 1:256–65.

1909d. “Marjorie Fleming, the Wonder Child.” Harper’s Bazar 43 (December): 1182–83, 1229.

1909e. “Closing Words of My Autobiography.” MS of forty-four pages, written on 24, 25, and 26 December, CU-MARK. Published as “The Death of Jean” in Harper’s Monthly Magazine 122 (January 1911): 210–15.

1910. “The Turning Point of My Life.” Harper’s Bazar 44 (February): 118–19. Reprinted in Budd 1992b, 929–38, and WIM, 455–64.

1917. What Is Man? And Other Essays. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1922a. “Unpublished Chapters from the Autobiography of Mark Twain: Part I.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 144 (February): 273–80.

1922b. “Unpublished Chapters from the Autobiography of Mark Twain: Part II.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 144 (March): 455–60.

1922c. “Unpublished Chapters from the Autobiography of Mark Twain.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 145 (August): 310–15.

1923. Europe and Elsewhere. With an appreciation by Brander Matthews and an introduction by Albert Bigelow Paine. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1981. Wapping Alice: Printed for the First Time, Together with Three Factual Letters to Olivia Clemens; Another Story, the McWilliamses and the Burglar Alarm; and Revelatory Portions of the Autobiographical Dictation of April 10, 1907. Berkeley: Friends of the Bancroft Library.

1982. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Foreword and notes by John C. Gerber; text established by Paul Baender. The Mark Twain Library. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

1990.  Mark Twain’s Own Autobiography: The Chapters from the North American Review. With an introduction and notes by Michael J. Kiskis. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

1996. Chapters from My Autobiography. New York: Oxford University Press.

2004. Mark Twain’s Helpful Hints for Good Living: A Handbook for the Damned Human Race. Edited by Lin Salamo, Victor Fischer, and Michael B. Frank. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

2009. Who Is Mark Twain? Edited, with a note on the text, by Robert H. Hirst. New York: HarperStudio.

Smith, Elizabeth H.  1965. “Reuel Colt Gridley.” Tales of the Paradise Ridge 6 (June): 11–18.

Smith, Henry Nash.

1955. “That Hideous Mistake of Poor Clemens’s.” Harvard Library Bulletin 9 (Spring): 145–80.

1962. Mark Twain: The Development of a Writer. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Smith, Jean Edward.  2001. Grant. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Smith, Stephanie.  2006. Former Presidents: Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits. CRS Report for Congress. http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-249.pdf. Accessed 13 July 2006.

Sonoma Census.  1860. Population Schedules of the Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Roll M653. California: Sonoma, Sonoma County. PH in CU-MARK.

Soria, Regina.  1964. “Mark Twain and Vedder’s Medusa.” American Quarterly 16:602–6.

StEdNL.  National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh [formerly UkENL].

Stein, Bernard L.  2001. “Life on the Hudson: A Mark Twain Idyll.” Riverdale Press 52 (25 October): A1, B1, B4.

Stewart, A. A., comp.  1912. The Printer’s Dictionary of Technical Terms. Boston: School of Printing, North End Union.

Stoddard, Charles Warren.

1867. Poems. San Francisco: A. Roman.

1873. South-Sea Idyls. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1885. A Troubled Heart and How It Was Comforted at Last. Notre Dame, Ind.: Joseph A. Lyons.

1903. Exits and Entrances: A Book of Essays and Sketches. Boston: Lothrop Publishing Company.

Stoddard, Lothrop.  1931. Master of Manhattan: The Life of Richard Croker. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.

Stone, H. N., D. M. Davidson, and W. R. McIntosh.  1885. Stone, Davidson & Co.’s Hannibal City Directory. Hannibal: Stone, Davidson and Co.

Streamer, Volney, comp.

1897. Voices of Doubt and Trust. New York: Brentano’s.

1904. In Friendship’s Name. 14th ed. New York: Brentano’s.

Strong, Leah A.  1966. Joseph Hopkins Twichell: Mark Twain’s Friend and Pastor. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Sweets, Henry H., III.

1986a. “Cave’s Fun Disguised Inherent Commercial Wealth.” The Fence Painter 6 (Summer): 3.

1986b. “Hannibal’s Great Cave Is Steeped in History.” The Fence Painter 6 (Summer): 1–2.

Teller, Charlotte.  1925. S.L.C. to C.T. New York: Privately printed.

Thayer, William Roscoe.  1915. The Life and Letters of John Hay. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

TIA.  1958. Traveling with the Innocents Abroad: Mark Twain’s Original Reports from Europe and the Holy Land. Edited by Daniel Morley McKeithan. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Ticknor, Caroline.  1922. Glimpses of Authors. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Tinkham, George H.  1921. History of Stanislaus County, California. Los Angeles: Historic Record Company.

Tooke, Thomas.  1838–57. A History of Prices, and of the State of the Circulation, from 1793 to 1837; Preceded by a Brief Sketch of the State of Corn Trade in the Last Two Centuries. 6 vols. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans.

Towner, Ausburn [Ishmael, pseud.].  1892. Our County and Its People: A History of the Valley and County of Chemung from the Closing Years of the Eighteenth Century. Syracuse, N.Y.: D. Mason and Co.

Tozzer, Alfred M.  1931. “Alfred Percival Maudslay.” American Anthropologist, n.s. 33 (July–September): 403–12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/661524. Accessed 10 December 2007.

Trumbull, James Hammond, ed.  1886. The Memorial History of Hartford County, Connecticut, 1633–1884. 2 vols. Boston: Edward L. Osgood.

TS.  Typescript.

TS1.  First typescript, in CU-MARK, made in 1906–8 by Josephine Hobby from her stenographic notes of Clemens’s dictation; it includes the Autobiographical Dictations of 9 January 1906 through 14 July 1908 and was revised by Clemens.

TS2.  Second typescript, in CU-MARK, made in 1906 by Josephine Hobby; it includes “My Autobiography [Random Extracts from It]” and four Florentine Dictations (“John Hay,” “Notes on ‘Innocents Abroad,’ ” “Robert Louis Stevenson and Thomas Bailey Aldrich,” and “Villa di Quarto”), plus the Autobiographical Dictations of 9 January 1906 through 7 August 1906, incorporating the revisions on TS1, and was revised by Clemens.

TS3.  Third typescript, in CU-MARK, made in 1906–7 by Josephine Hobby from the revised TS1 or the revised TS2, to serve as printer’s copy for several installments of “Chapters from My Autobiography” in the North American Review; it comsists of four independently paginated batches of selections from pre-1906 writings and the Autobographical Dictations of January–May 1906, and was revised by Clemens.

TS4.  Typescript, in CU-MARK, made in 1906 by an unidentified typist; it includes the same pre-1906 pieces as TS2, plus the Autobiographical Dictations of 9 January 1906 through 29 August 1906 and incorporates the revisions on TS1, but was not further reviewed by Clemens.

Tugwell, Rexford G.  1968. Grover Cleveland. New York: Macmillan Company.

Twichell, Joseph Hopkins.

1874–1916. “Personal Journal.” MS, Joseph H. Twichell Collection, CtY-BR.

2006. The Civil War Letters of Joseph Hopkins Twichell: A Chaplain’s Story. Edited by Peter Messent and Steve Courtney. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

TxU.  University of Texas, Austin.

TxU-Hu.  Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin.

Urmy, Clarence.  1906. “A Song.” Harper’s Bazar 40 (March): 241. ProQuest American Periodicals Series Online. Accessed 28 Sept 2009.

U. S. National Archives and Records Administration.

1907–9. Fentress Land Co. et al. v. Bruno Gernt et al. Civil Case No. 967, Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern Division of the Eastern District of Tennessee, Southeast Region Archives, Morrow, Georgia.

1950–54. “Massiglia, Frances Paxton.” Department of State General Records, Record Group 59, Central Decimal Files, 1950–54, 265.113, 4–1863, Box 1101, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Varble, Rachel M.  1964. Jane Clemens: The Story of Mark Twain’s Mother. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co.

Vassar College.

2008a. “Lady Prinicipals.” http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/index.php/Lady_Principals. Accessed 29 August 2008.

2008b. “Samuel L. Caldwell.” http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/index.php/Samuel_L._Caldwell. Accessed 28 August 2008.

Veteran’s Museum and Memorial Center.  2009. “Spanish-American War, 1898.” http://veteranmuseum.org/spanish-american.html. Accessed 29 April 2009.

Victoria, Empress, consort of Frederick III.  1913. The Empress Frederick: A Memoir. London: James Nisbet and Co.

ViU.  University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Walker, Franklin.  1969. San Francisco’s Literary Frontier. Rev. ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Wave Hill.  2008. “A Brief History of Wave Hill: 1843–1903.” http://www.wavehill.org/about/history.html?print=true. Accessed 18 June 2008.

Weaver, H. Dwight.  2008. Missouri Caves in History and Legend. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press.

Webster, Noah.  1828. An American Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. New York: S. Converse.

Wecter, Dixon.  1952. Sam Clemens of Hannibal. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, Riverside Press.

Wetzel, Betty.  1985. “Huckleberry Finn in Montana: One of Twain’s Last Jokes?” Montana Magazine (November–December): 33–35.

White, Edgar.  1924. “The Old Home Town.” The Mentor 12 (May): 51–53.

White, Horatio S.  1925. Willard Fiske: Life and Correspondence. A Biographical Study. New York: Oxford University Press.

Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith, eds.  1889–91. The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language. 6 vols. New York: The Century Company.

Wildman, Edwin.  1901. Aguinaldo: A Narrative of Filipino Ambitions. Boston: Lothrop Publishing Company.

Wilhelmine, Margravine, consort of Friedrich, Margrave of Bayreuth.  1877. Memoirs of Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina, Princess Royal of Prussia, Margravine of Baireuth, Sister of Frederick the Great. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co. SLC copy in CU-MARK.

WIM.  1973. What Is Man? And Other Philosophical Writings. Edited by Paul Baender. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Winship, Michael.  1995. Literary Publishing in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: The Business of Ticknor and Fields. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Winter, William.  1893. Life and Art of Edwin Booth. New York: Macmillan and Co.

Wright, William [Dan De Quille, pseud.].  1893. “Reminiscences of the Comstock,” in “The Passing of a Pioneer.” San Francisco Examiner, 22 January, 15. Reprinted as “The Story of the Enterprise” in Lewis 1971, 5–10.

Young, John Russell.  1879. Around the World with General Grant: A Narrative of the Visit of General U. S. Grant, Ex-President of the United States, to Various Countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa, in 1877, 1878, 1879. New York: American News Company.

Youngquist, Sally.  2001. “Iowa Second Infantry, Lee County Iowa.” Iowa in the Civil War Project. http://iagenweb.org/lee/military/cw2ndinfantry.htm. Accessed 19 March 2009.

Yung, Wing.  1909. My Life in China and America. New York: Henry Holt and Co.

Zwick, Jim.  1992. Mark Twain’s Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

Boldfaced page numbers indicate principal identifications or short biographies. Clemens’s frequently mentioned works are listed in main entries; his other writings are listed only under “Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, works.” Place names are indexed only when they refer to locations that Clemens lived in, visited, or commented upon. Newspapers are listed by city, other periodicals by title. Entries for Clemens’s family members, friends, and employees do not include references to their photographs, which may be found preceding page 203.

A. B. Chambers (steamboat), 614

“About General Grant’s Memoirs,” 66, 75–98, 482–93

Adams, Henry, 475

Addicks, J. Edward, 196, 197–98, 522, 523, 524

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 88, 95, 348, 486, 488, 538, 585, 600, 653; frontispiece, 88, 480; money earned from, 372, 597; prototypes for characters, 211, 396–97, 514, 531–32, 608–9, 654–55; sources of content, 5, 157–58, 210, 514, 531, 622

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 8n23, 24, 480, 584, 596, 652; McDougal’s cave, 397, 417– 19, 532, 624–25; prototypes for characters, 11, 212, 350, 397, 531, 609, 610, 627, 654– 55; sources of content, 5, 157–59, 212–13, 350–52, 397, 399, 514, 515, 588–89, 590, 622

African Americans: fundraiser for Tuskegee Institute, 302–9, 572–74; minstrel shows, 114–15, 150. See also Slavery

Agassiz, Alexander, 511

Agassiz, Louis, 151, 511

Aguinaldo, Emilio, 257, 408, 551, 618

Ainsworth, William Harrison, 433, 634

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, 116, 499

Aldine (periodical), 5, 8

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 150, 384, 431, 499, 548, 633; “Robert Louis Stevenson and Thomas Bailey Aldrich,” 22, 29n74, 32, 55, 228–30, 538–39, 670

Alexander, James W., 257, 364, 549, 594

Alexander VI (pope), 623

Alexander the Great, 465, 476

Alexander and Green, 81, 94, 493

Alighieri, Dante, 71, 246, 476

Allee, James Frank, 197–98, 524

Alonzo Child (steamboat), 614

Amalgamated Copper Company, 523

Ament, Joseph P., 455–57, 644, 651

Ament, Judith D., 456, 645

Ament, Sarah (Mrs. Joseph P. Ament), 645

American Copyright League, 601, 602

American Plasmon Company, 23, 54, 342, 586–87

American Publishing Company, 71, 80, 227, 529, 629. See also Bliss, Elisha P., Jr.; Bliss, Francis

“Anecdote of Jean,” 23, 199, 524

Angels Camp, California, 523, 652

Animals: cat given Pain-Killer, 52, 351–52, 588; Clemens family cats, 345; compared to humans, 186–87, 218–20, 312; 339; hunting, 218–20; Jean Clemens’s love, 199; “Jim Wolf and the Tom-Cats,” 159– 63, 418, 515–16, 517; Susy Clemens’s compassion, 331

Anthony, James, 501

Arnot, John, 377, 599

Arthur, Chester A., 70, 77, 476, 477, 482, 485

Ashcroft, Ralph W., 342, 586, 653, 657

Associated Press, 93–94, 364, 421, 538

Atlantic Monthly, 7, 266, 555–56; Fields as editor, 510; hosts Whittier birthday dinner, 261, 266, 552, 555; Howells as editor, 339, 475, 539, 584–85, 599; publication of Keeler’s writings, 150, 154, 510, 512–13; publication of SLC’s writings, 521, 561

Atwater, Dwight, 373–74, 598

Aunt Clara. See Spaulding, Clara L.

Aunt Patsy. See Quarles, Martha Ann Lampton

Aunt Susy. See Crane, Susan Langdon

Australia, 190, 653

Austria: Vienna, 8n19, 12–16, 112, 118–26, 145, 499–501, 653; Kaltenleutgeben, 118, 120–24, 500–501

“A Viennese Procession,” 13, 118, 124–26, 500–501

Authors’ Readings, 383–85, 601–2

Autobiography (SLC’s conception and creation): contract with Harper and Brothers, 19, 29; copyright extension scheme, 23– 24, 30, 31n80; decision to include earlier writings, 30–32; discussion with Hay, 7– 8, 223–24, 535; discussions with Howells, 5, 20–22, 23, 27, 29–31, 57, 441; discussion with Mrs. Fields, 7; discussion with Paine, 250–51, 542–43; discussion with Rogers, 12, 15, 29; epigraph, 31, 40, 220–21; familiarity with other autobiographies, 4– 7; instructions for publishing, 4, 221–22, 250; multiple attempts to write, 1, 7–23, 224; partial publication, 2, 7, 13, 29, 46, 51–56, 663–67; posthumous publication, 1–2, 7, 19, 30, 46, 221, 257, 281, 441; remarks about form and content, 1, 7, 29, 220–21, 250, 256–59, 281–82, 283, 286, 441; sequence of prefatory pages, 32, 33–45; stenographers for dictation, 1, 9–10, 20–21, 25–26, 27, 66, 543; truth telling, 2, 6, 7, 16, 21–22, 57, 145, 221, 223–24, 378

The Autobiography of Mark Twain (AMT) (Neider), 2, 3, 663–66; Neider’s editorial treatment, 61, 64, 66, 101, 118, 127, 145, 146, 150, 155, 181, 192

Autobiography of Mark Twain (Mark Twain Project edition): contents of volumes, 4; diagram of textual history, 671; editorial policy for texts, 672–79; online edition ( MTPO ), 4, 57–58, 558, 574, 669, 673, 675, 679; problem of identifying handwriting on typescripts, 46, 47–50, 672; problem of multiple typescripts, 26–29, 32, 46, 52–53, 54, 669–72; source documents described, 669–72

Ayres, Irving, 420, 626

Ayres, Tubman, 626

The Back Number (planned periodical), 287, 565

Badeau, Adam, 85, 89, 90, 473, 477, 484, 488; works on Grant’s memoirs, 98, 492–93; writes military history of Grant, 71, 477

Badeni, Kasimir Felix, 299, 571

Barnard, Henry, 74, 481, 482

Barnard College, 396, 546, 607–8

Barnes, Benjamin F., 257–59, 280–92, 551

Barnes, George Eustace, 226, 536

Barrett, Lawrence, 286, 431, 547, 633

Bates, Edward, 452, 461, 643

Batterson, James G., 74, 318, 481, 577

Bayard the Spotless (Pierre du Terrail), 575

Bay State Gas Company, 192, 522–24

Beatty, Jean Burlingame (Mrs. Robert Chetwood Beatty), 367–68

“Beauties of the German Language,” 13, 118–19, 499

Beck, Henry, 672

Beecher, Henry Ward, 151, 314–15, 511, 537, 575–76, 601; SLC’s letters to, 10, 66, 489

Beecher, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas K., 321

Belgium, 581

Ben Franklin Book and Job Office, 460–61, 640, 646

Bermingham, Ellen (Nellie), 435, 581, 636

Bermuda, 479, 654

Bernhardt, Sarah, 337, 584, 649

Berry, Mrs., 355

Bierce, Ambrose, 150, 509–10

“Big Bonanza” silver strike, 251–54, 543–46

Billings, Josh. See Shaw, Henry Wheeler

Bishop, William Henry, 266, 267, 555–56

Bispham, William, 431, 547, 633

Bixby, Horace E., 274, 461, 559, 560, 646, 651

Black, William, 433, 634

Blackstone, William, 461, 647

Blaine, James G., 314, 315–18, 488, 528, 575–76. See also Cleveland-Blaine election

Blankenship, Tom, 397, 417, 608, 609–10

Blind, associations for, 464, 546, 649, 650. See also Keller, Helen

Bliss, Elisha P., Jr., 370–72, 477, 596–97

Bliss, Francis, 15, 477, 596–97

Bok, Edward, 15

Bolton, William Compton, 595

Bonaparte, Catherine, Princess, 540

Bonaparte, Jérôme, 540

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 172, 465, 500, 507, 540, 550

Booth, Edwin, 284–86, 431, 546–47, 633

Booth, John Wilkes, 492

Boston Evening Transcript, 261–67, 552, 554

Boston Globe, 552, 554, 648

Boston Herald, 93, 94–95, 487, 490, 491

Boston Lyceum Bureau. See Redpath Lyceum Bureau

Boston Massacre, 267, 556

Boston Saturday Evening Gazette, 95, 491, 492

Boston Sunday Post, 195–98, 522–24

Boutwell, George S., 506

Bowen, Barton Stone, 513–14, 625

Bowen, Samuel Adams, Jr., 399, 402, 614

Bowen, William, 399, 400, 402, 420–21, 513, 614, 627

Briggs, Artemissa (Mrs. William J. Marsh), 417, 418, 623, 624

Briggs, Emily Edson, 585

Briggs, John B., 158, 420, 623, 627–28

Brookline Gas Company, 522

Brooklyn Bridge, 393–94, 607

Brooks, Noah, 228, 538

Brooks, Preston S. (“Potter”), 368–69, 595

Brown, Anna Marsh (Mrs. Talmage Brown), 599

Brown, Alex, 582

Brown, Isabella Cranston, 434, 582, 632

Brown, Jake, 356

Brown, John (abolitionist), 349, 512–13, 588

Brown, John (Dr.), 328–30, 581, 582; letters from, 429–30, 431, 436–38, 632; letters to, 434–35, 635–36; “Rab and His Friends,” 328, 329, 433, 581; relationship with Susy Clemens, 329, 433, 435; SLC’s regret about not making last visit, 435–36, 616

Brown, John (Jock), 429, 434, 435, 631, 632, 635

Brown, John Taylor, 429, 632

Brown, Mr. (steamboat pilot), 275, 461

Brown, Owen, 513

Brown, Talmage, 376, 444, 599

Brown, William, 274–75, 560, 561

Browning, Robert, 433, 634

Buckland, Francis Trevelyan, 433, 634

Buckly, Mr., 398–99, 610

Buell, Dwight H., 101, 494

Buffalo, N.Y.: Buffalo Courier, 534, 594; Grover Cleveland as mayor and sheriff, 391, 605–6; SLC and OLC’s difficult year, 362–63, 374–75; SLC and OLC’s first home after marriage, 321–22, 360, 578

Buffalo Express, 321, 363–64, 578–79, 593–95, 652; SLC’s eulogy of Burlingame, 367, 502

Buffum, Arnold, 470

Burglar alarm: Goodwin’s, 278–79; SLC’s, 52, 55, 342, 343–45, 585–86, 662

Bunce, Edward M., 316, 576

Burk, George, 636

Burlingame, Anson, 128, 130, 367–69, 502, 537, 595

Burlingame, Edward L., 369, 596

Burns, Anthony, 267, 556

Burns, Robert, 331, 582

Burton, Nathaniel J., 270, 271, 274, 276–77, 311, 402, 559, 574

Bushnell, Horace, 269, 327, 558, 581

Butler, Andrew Jackson, 627

Butler, Benjamin Franklin, 420, 627

Butler, George H., 420, 626–27

Butters, Henry A., 23, 342, 586–87

Bynner, Witter, 392, 606

Cable, George Washington, 207–8, 477, 498; lecture tour with SLC, 86, 334–35, 391, 486, 488, 583, 601, 606, 607, 653; visit to Governor Cleveland with SLC, 391– 92, 606

Cadets of Temperance, 354, 590, 627

Caesar, Julius, 465, 476

Caldwell, Samuel L., 395, 607

California: SLC’s lecture tours, 147, 153, 226–27, 512, 537; SLC’s trip to Jackass Hill and Angels Camp, 553, 652. See also Sacramento Union; San Francisco

Californian (periodical), 127, 509, 510, 552–53, 652

“A Call with W. D. Howells on General Grant,” 66, 70–72, 475–77

Campbell, Alexander, 457–58, 645

Campbell, Thomas, 645

Campbell, William Wilfred, 579

Carnegie, Andrew, 304, 442, 573, 639

Carroll, Lewis. See Charles L. Dodgson

Carryl, Charles E., 547

Casanova, Giovanni Giacomo, 5, 6, 15

Case, Newton, 372, 597

Cash, Mr. (New York Herald employee), 129, 502

Cauchon, Pierre, 169–71

Cavallotti, Felice Carlo Emmanuele, 299, 302, 571, 572

Cellini, Benvenuto, 5, 209, 266, 378, 530–31, 600

Century Company: employment of Hobby and Paine, 25–26, 27; negotiations to publish Grant’s memoirs, 78–80, 91–97, 490–91

Century Magazine, 487, 490, 535, 547, 579; Noah Brooks’s biographical sketch of SLC, 538; publication of Grant’s war articles, 9, 77–78, 79–80, 82, 85–86, 91–97, 486, 489, 492; publication of SLC’s writings, 13, 15, 127, 501, 602, 629

Ceylon, 190, 653

Chaffee, Fannie Josephine, 488

Chaffee, Jerome B., 83, 482, 488

Chamberlaine, Mr. and Mrs. Augustus P., 264, 554

Chapman, Elizabeth (Mrs. Jesse Grant), 489

Chapman, Rawley, 471

Chapman, Rosamond Hart, 14, 672

“The Character of Man” manuscript, 312–15, 574

Charles I (king of England), 204, 526, 528

Charles II (king of England), 526

Charles L. Webster and Company: failure, 12, 192, 455, 486, 521, 644, 653; publication of Grant’s memoirs, 9, 11n30, 79, 80–81, 92–98, 486–87, 489, 490–92; publication of McClellan’s Own Story, 481; publication of Sheridan’s Personal Memoirs, 472; publication of SLC’s books, 372, 486, 597. See also Webster, Charles L.

Charlotte (servant), 121–22

Chaykovsky, Nikolai Vasilievich, 462–64, 647

Cheney, Frank Woodbridge, 413, 621

Cheney, Mary Bushnell, 327, 581

“The Chicago G. A. R. Festival,” 66, 67–70, 472–75

Chicago Republican: SLC as Washington, D.C., correspondent, 563, 585

Childs, George W., 80, 486

China: Grant’s concern for students, 66, 72– 73, 477–79; political unrest (1906), 257, 258, 550–51

Chin Lan Pin, 73 (“Wong”), 478–79

Choate, Joseph H., 303–5, 464, 466, 572, 573, 649, 659

Chowning, Thomas Jefferson, 215, 532

The Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar), 575

Cincinnati, Ohio, 461, 559, 646, 651

Clark, Charles Hopkins, 317, 413, 576, 621

Clemens, Benjamin: birth and death, 206, 451, 528

Clemens, Clara Langdon (Bay), 322, 469, 654; biography, 656–57; birth, 432, 480, 652, 656; childhood and youth, 339, 341, 342, 345, 348, 350, 387–88, 392, 434, 579, 581; Clemens family plays and charades, 327, 336, 580; collaboration with Paine, 672; death of mother, 25; letters from, 530; letters to, 24, 27, 51, 552, 579; marriage, 654; opinion of Autobiographical Dictations, 3, 27–28; relationship with Susy Clemens, 12, 323–24, 327–28, 330–31, 332, 581; travel, 19, 521, 540, 581, 653

Clemens, Ezekiel, 203, 526, 527

Clemens, Henry: birth, 528; childhood and youth, 209, 350–52, 420, 455, 458–59, 530, 588, 611, 640, 645, 651, 655; death, 274–77, 560–61, 651, 654; prototype for Sid in Tom Sawyer, 350

Clemens, James, 205, 527

Clemens, James, Jr., 527

Clemens, Jane Lampton, 227, 270, 309, 455, 471, 532, 645; ancestry, 205, 349, 529, 587–88; biography, 651, 654–55; death of Henry Clemens, 274–75, 277, 560–61; facility with words, 212; letters from, 530; letters to, 471, 502, 607; marriage, 205– 6, 528; on SLC’s character, 215–16, 268; on SLC’s drinking and swearing, 353, 589; prototype for Aunt Polly, 11, 212; slaves owned or hired, 212, 471, 528; SLC’s childhood, 213, 350–53, 420–21, 588–89, 628

Clemens, Jean (Jane Lampton), 242, 322, 339; “Anecdote of Jean,” 23, 199, 524; biography, 657; birth, 480, 652, 656; childhood and youth, 333, 339, 341, 345, 349, 361, 387–88, 394; Clemens family plays and charades, 336–37, 580; “Closing Words of My Autobiography,” 4, 24, 657; death, 1, 4, 24, 57, 656; death of Susy Clemens, 323–25; German nursemaid, 394, 607; health, 339, 653, 656; letters from, 321, 324, 325; love of animals, 199; travel, 12, 19, 25, 28, 322, 500, 540, 654; typewriting and SLC typescripts, 18–19, 20, 22, 155, 192, 513, 539, 669

Clemens, Jeremiah (1732–1811), 526

Clemens, Jeremiah (1814–65), 205, 349, 526, 527, 588

Clemens, John Marshall: biography, 651, 654; as county judge, 61, 62, 454, 470, 644; death, 274, 454, 659; financial problems, 62–63, 470; as justice of the peace, 11, 62, 514; marriage, 205–6, 528; religion, 645; slaves owned or hired, 65, 212, 471, 528; Tennessee land, 61–62, 63, 206, 208– 9, 469, 530; undemonstrative nature, 274, 321

Clemens, Langdon: birth and death, 323, 361–62, 433, 634, 652, 655–56; health, 433, 592, 634; infant habits, 363

Clemens, Margaret, 206, 451, 528

Clemens, Mary Eleanor Stotts (Mrs. Orion Clemens), 460, 646, 655

Clemens, Olivia Louise Langdon (Livy): biography, 652–53, 655–56; birth of Clara Clemens, 434, 480, 652, 656; birth of Jean Clemens, 480, 652, 656; birth and death of Langdon Clemens, 361–62, 433, 592, 634, 652; birth and death of Susy Clemens, 323– 25, 480, 652, 656; Clemens family plays and charades, 335–37; courtship, engagement, and wedding, 320–22, 355, 357– 59, 508, 577–78, 591–92; diary, 438, 638; as editor of SLC’s books, 349, 359; family history, 355–56; father’s final illness, 360– 61; financial matters, 192, 455, 578; health, 19, 328, 356, 361, 362, 500, 590–91, 632, 634; illness and death, 20, 23, 25, 192, 239, 242, 243, 320, 359, 429, 455; letters from, 385–86, 434–35, 632, 635; letters to, 146, 373, 386, 430, 474, 554, 637; relationship with daughters, 326–27, 330–31, 332–33, 382; relationship with SLC, 342, 343, 344–45, 346–48, 385–86, 387–88; servants, 118, 270, 322, 335, 394, 662; SLC’s description, 320–21, 361; spelling ability, 333–34, 583; travel, 12, 19, 385, 392, 486, 516, 540, 581, 602, 604, 634

Clemens, Olivia Susan (Susy): biography, 656; birth, 323, 480, 652; childhood and youth, 325–28, 329, 330–33, 375, 393, 395, 434, 579–81, 582–83; Clemens family plays and charades, 327, 335–37, 580, 583; compared to Marjory Fleming, 328, 581; compassion for animals, 331; illness and death, 12, 323–25, 382–83, 579, 653; nicknames (Megalopis, Wee Wifie), 329, 435, 636; play A Love-Chase, 327, 580; poem misattributed, 325, 579; relationship with Dr. Brown, 329, 434–35; relationship with mother, 326–27, 330–31, 382; relationship with sisters, 327–28, 330–31, 333, 581; Sarah Bernhardt imitations, 337, 584; spelling ability, 333, 338, 393, 584, 606; travel, 12, 516, 581; visit to Grant with SLC, 335, 381–82; “What is it all for?” question, 326, 375, 419, 580

susy’s biography of slc, 9, 49, 337–38, 369, 584, 587; Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 348; Clemens family history, 349; excerpts, 339–40, 342, 345–46, 348–50, 353, 355, 357, 359, 361, 363, 373, 379, 381–83, 392, 394–95, 433; Jervis Langdon, 373, 360; Langdon Clemens, 361–62, 363, 433; Langdon family, 355–56; The Prince and the Pauper, 348; SLC and OLC’s first house, 360; SLC and OLC’s first meeting, 355; SLC and OLC’s marriage, 357; SLC’s appearance, 341; SLC’s childhood antics, 350; SLC’s drinking and swearing, 346, 353; SLC’s early adulthood, 355; SLC’s failures to comprehend, 342–43; SLC’s gait, 345; SLC’s love letters, 359–60; SLC’s names for cats, 345; SLC’s not going to church, 346; trip to New York, 379, 381, 382, 383, 392, 393–95, 606; trip to England and Scotland, 433, 634, 652

Clemens, Orion: adventure in home of Dr. Meredith, 27, 52, 453–54; Ben Franklin Book and Job Office (Keokuk), 460–61, 640, 646; biography, 654, 655; birth, 206, 451, 528, 643; buys Muscatine Journal, 459, 645, 646; law career, 461; marriage, 459–60, 646, 655; middle-of-night visit to young lady, 52, 454; personality, 451– 53; as printer’s apprentice in St. Louis, 452, 455, 459, 644; relationship with Bates, 452, 461, 643; requests permission to publish anecdotes about SLC’s childhood, 11; as secretary of Nevada Territory, 355, 461– 62, 643, 647, 651; starts Hannibal Western Union and then buys Hannibal Journal, 11, 20, 63, 459, 470, 515, 521, 645, 651; Tennessee land, 61, 63, 208, 469, 470–71, 521, 530; writes autobiography, 5–6, 8, 378–79, 599–600

Clemens, Pamela. See Moffett, Pamela A. Moffett

Clemens, Pleasant Hannibal, 528

Clemens, Samuel Langhorne (Mark Twain): appearance, 340, 341, 345, 400; birth, 62, 64, 206, 209, 532, 651; chronology of life, 651–54; Civil War service, 527–28, 611–12, 627, 651–52; death, 654; Freemasonry, 651; health, 128, 188–91, 215– 16, 420–21, 502, 521, 628, 660; Oxford degree, 653; seventieth birthday dinner, 267–68, 305, 558, 657–61; University of Missouri degree, 353, 401, 589

attitudes and habits: churchgoing, 346, 352–53; compliments, 184; dinner table behavior, 387–88; dueling, 294–98, 570–71; eating and drinking, 137, 210– 12, 216–17, 220, 353–54, 458, 504, 533, 589–90, 659–60; exercise, 660; grammar, punctuation, and spelling, 28–29, 118–20, 333–34, 338–39, 446, 583, 674, 676–78; laziness, 305, 391; lying, 5, 268–69, 277, 425, 630; Presbyterian conscience, 157– 59, 188, 190, 398, 514; sleeping, 659–60; swearing, 346–48, 353, 589; tobacco use, 216, 269–70, 354–55, 559, 589, 659–60; writing speed, 8, 228

business and financial matters: American Plasmon Company, 23, 54, 342, 586–87; bankruptcy and hardship, 321, 455, 521, 578, 632, 644, 653; business ability, 96, 377–78; employment stratagem, 446, 642; Paige electromagnetic motor, 102–3, 495; Paige printing telegraph, 495; Paige typesetting machine, 12, 23, 101– 6, 455, 494–98, 521, 632, 644, 652; Tennessee land, 57, 61–63, 208–9, 469–71. See also American Publishing Company; Charles L. Webster and Company; Harper and Brothers; Osgood, James Ripley

childhood: earliest recollections, 209–10, 530; education and schoolmates, 350, 399–402, 417–20, 513, 588, 610–14, 623– 28, 644, 651; left behind by family, 209, 379, 530; misadventures, 218–20, 353, 401–2, 613; relationship with mother, 212, 215–16, 350–53, 588–89; summers at Quarles farm, 210–20, 471, 651; sweethearts, 417–18. See also Florida, Mo.; Hannibal, Mo.

courtship, engagement, and marriage, 320–22, 355, 357–60, 508, 577–78, 591–92, 652

family: ancestry and genealogy, 203–8, 349, 525–28, 587–88, 654–57. See also individual Clemens, Crane, Lampton, Langdon, Moffett, Quarles, and Webster family members

journalism, 4, 441, 565; The Back Number, 287, 565; Buffalo Express, 321, 363–64, 367, 502, 578, 593–95, 652; Californian, 127, 509, 552–53, 652; Chicago Republican, 563, 585; criticism of newspapers, 94, 441–43; Golden Era, 150, 509, 652; Hannibal Journal and Western Union, 470; Hannibal Western Union, 11, 515, 651; Newspaper Correspondence Syndicate, 281–82, 563; New York Herald, 227, 282, 472, 563; New York Saturday Press, 501, 652; New York Sunday Mercury, 161, 515; New York Tribune, 67, 227, 282, 472, 563, 626; Sacramento Union, 128–29, 226, 369, 501–2, 504–5, 536, 539, 652; San Francisco Alta California, 146, 226–28, 472–73, 507–9, 532, 536–38, 563, 585; San Francisco Morning Call, 226, 509, 536, 552, 568, 651–52; Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, 225, 251–52, 294, 296–98, 449, 535, 543, 552, 563, 568–70, 585, 641, 651–52

lectures and speeches: “The American Vandal Abroad,” 507; “Artemus Ward, Humorist,” 508; Australia, 653; Authors’ Readings, 383–85, 601–2; “The Babies” (toast to Grant), 66–67, 69–70, 475; Barnard College, 396, 546, 608; Berlin, 521; Ceylon, 653; first New York lecture, 652; “The Frozen Truth,” 208, 507; “The Golden Arm” (“The Woman with the Golden Arm,” “A Ghost Story”), 217, 395, 532–33, 607; hiatus, 583; Holmes breakfast, 555; India, 653; Jewish benefit, 584, 649; lecture-circuit experiences, 146– 49, 150–54, 227, 506–9, 511–12, 537, 582, 652; London, 161–62, 516, 652, 653; Longfellow Memorial Association, 383–84, 602; New Zealand, 653; Players club, 256, 546, 548, 662–63; “Reminiscences of Some un-Commonplace Characters I Have Chanced to Meet,” 16, 508, 619; Republican rally (introduction of Grant), 75, 483; Robert Fulton Memorial Association, 426–28, 630–31; “Roughing It” lecture, 508; Sandwich Islands lecture, 226–27, 355, 369, 426, 507–8, 512, 536–37, 652; seventieth birthday dinner, 267–68, 305, 546, 657–61; South Africa, 653; speeches November 1905–April 1906, 546; spelling bee, 583; technique at social banquets, 254– 56; tour with Cable, 86, 207–8, 334–35, 391, 486, 488, 583, 600–601, 606–7, 644, 653; Tuskegee Institute, 302–8, 426, 546, 572; Twentieth Century Club, 267, 556, 574; Vassar College, 383, 394–96, 546, 601, 607; Vienna, 118–19, 499; Washington, D.C., 86, 256, 383–85, 507, 512, 546, 548, 574, 602; Westside Y.M.C.A. (Majestic Theatre), 409–12, 619–20; “whistling story,” 329–30, 582; Whittier birthday dinner, 260–67, 310, 552–56, 574; world tour, 12, 157, 190, 513, 521, 532, 578 , 600, 653, 656

miner, 445, 447–49, 543, 553, 640–41, 652

mississippi river pilot, 270, 274–76, 355, 461, 559–61, 566, 614, 646–47, 651

pseudonym, 128, 501, 586, 652

senatorial secretary, 562, 652

travel, 652–54. See also Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, lectures and speeches, world tour; Quaker City excursion; and individual place names

typesetter and printer, 455–61, 515, 628, 640, 644–46, 651, 655

works: “Aguinaldo” (book review), 619; Ah Sin, 539; The American Claimant, 20, 529; “Anson Burlingame,” 367, 502, 595; “Ashcroft-Lyon Manuscript,” 586; “At the Appetite-Cure,” 137, 504; autobiographical notes (1899), 528; “An Autobiography,” 5, 8; “Autobiography of a Damned Fool,” 590; “Boy’s Manuscript,” 611; “Captain Montgomery,” 532; “Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven,” 30–31; The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and Other Sketches, 127, 501, 652; Christian Science, 51, 653; “Christian Science and the Book of Mrs. Eddy,” 532; “Closing Words of My Autobiography,” 4, 24, 657; Collected Works editions, 629; Colonel Sellers (Gilded Age play), 206–7, 209, 529, 582, 584; “Concerning Copyright,” 540; “Concerning the Jews,” 423, 629; “Conversations with Satan,” 559; “The Countess Massiglia,” 540; “A Defence of General Funston,” 618; “Doings in Nevada,” 515; “Dueling,” 13, 55, 294–302, 570–72; “An Encounter with an Interviewer,” 602; “English as She Is Taught,” 602; Europe and Elsewhere, 541, 571; “The Facts in the Case of George Fisher, Deceased,” 563; “The Facts in the Case of the Great Beef Contract,” 282, 563; “Fortifications of Paris,” 362, 593; “Forty-Three Days in an Open Boat,” 127–28, 501, 503–5; “From Chapter XVII,” 18; “A Gallant Fireman,” 11, 515, 651; “General Washington’s Negro Body-Servant,” 563; “Hellfire Hotchkiss,” 515, 623; “Henry H. Rogers (Continued),” 2; “A Horse’s Tale,” 678; “How I Escaped Being Killed in a Duel,” 517, 602; How to Tell a Story and Other Essays, 629; “Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer among the Indians,” 531–32, 609; “Huck Finn” (1902 fragment), 609; “The Innocents Adrift” (“Down the Rhone”), 31, 541; “Interview with Gen. Grant,” 472–73; “Jane Lampton Clemens,” 2n6, 471, 514, 655; “Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog,” 127, 501, 547–48, 553, 569,

Clemens, Samuel Langhorne (Mark Twain)

works (continued) 652; “Jim Wolf and the Tom-Cats,” 155, 160–63, 418, 515–17; “Josh” letters, 543, 651; “Jul’us Caesar,” 645; King Leopold’s Soliloquy, 557; “The Late Benjamin Franklin,” 5; “Macfarlane,” 2; “The McWilliamses and the Burglar Alarm,” 586; “Major General Wood, M.D.,” 615, 619; The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and Other Stories and Essays, 503; “Marjorie Fleming, the Wonder Child,” 429, 581, 631; Mark Twain’s (Burlesque) Autobiography, 5; Mark Twain’s Library of Humor, 46, 51; Mark Twain’s Sketches, New and Old, 434, 563, 596–97, 636, 652; “The Memorable Assassination,” 568; “Memorial to Susy,” 580; “Mental Telegraphy,” 631; “Mental Telegraphy Again,” 631; More Tramps Abroad, 677–78; My Début as a Literary Person with Other Essays and Stories, 503; “My First Lie and How I Got Out of It,” 5; “My Platonic Sweetheart,” 15; “New Huck Finn,” 626–27; “No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger,” 644; “Old Times on the Mississippi,” 224, 274– 75, 372, 561, 597, 645; “On the Decay of the Art of Lying,” 425, 630; Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, 518, 653; “The Private History of a Campaign That Failed,” 5, 527–28, 612, 627; “A Record of the Small Foolishnesses of Susie & ‘Bay’ Clemens (Infants),” 326, 580–82; “Riley—Newspaper Correspondent,” 563; “‘Russian Liberty Has Had Its Last Chance’” (“The Treaty of Portsmouth”), 648; “Schoolhouse Hill,” 609–10, 613, 623, 627; South African diamond mine book (proposed), 563; The Stolen White Elephant, Etc., 498, 597, 630; “St. Petersburg Fragment,” 589; Tom Sawyer Abroad, 211, 486, 531, 609; “Tom Sawyer, Detective,” 210, 531, 609; “Tom Sawyer’s Conspiracy,” 531–32, 609, 623, 627; “To My Missionary Critics,” 51; “To the Person Sitting in Darkness,” 51, 653; “To the Rev. S. C. Thompson,” 9; The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson and the Comedy Those Extraordinary Twins, 207, 529, 653; “Travel-Scraps II,” 17; A True Story, and the Recent Carnival of Crime, 597; “A True Story, Repeated Word for Word as I Heard It,” 521; “A Trying Situation,” 395, 601, 607; “The Turning Point of My Life,” 628, 646; “Two Little Tales,” 629; “Unpublished Chapters from the Autobiography of Mark Twain,” 181; “Villagers of 1840–3,” 470, 514–15, 589, 611–12, 614, 627; “Wapping Alice” (“English Mary”), 13, 31, 548, 662–63; “The War-Prayer,” 653; What Is Man?, 654. See also Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court; Following the Equator; The Gilded Age; The Innocents Abroad; Life on the Mississippi; “The Mysterious Stranger” manuscripts; The Prince and the Pauper; Roughing It; A Tramp Abroad

Clemens, Sherrard, 55, 205, 527, 528, 588

Clements, Gregory (“Geoffrey”), 204, 526

Clements, Richard, 526

Clements, Robert, 526

Cleveland, Frances Folsom (Mrs. Grover Cleveland), 304, 385–86, 388, 602

Cleveland, Grover, 292, 602–3; Authors’ Reading reception, 385–86; letters honoring birthday, 388, 390–91, 604, 605; as mayor and sheriff of Buffalo, 391, 605– 6; response to SLC’s letter to daughter Ruth, 390, 605; SLC’s plea for Mason, 389, 390, 604–5; visit of SLC and Cable when governor, 391–92, 606. See also Cleveland-Blaine election

Cleveland, Ruth (“Baby Ruth”), 388, 390, 603, 604–5

Cleveland-Blaine election and “mugwumps,” 310–12, 314–20, 346, 389–90, 488, 528, 575–77, 605

Cleveland Leader, 604

“Closing Words of My Autobiography,” 4, 24, 657

Clough, Frederick, 505

Coit, Robert, 74, 481, 482

Collier’s Weekly, 451, 598, 643

Colonel Sellers (Gilded Age play), 206–7, 209, 529, 582, 584

Colt, Elizabeth Jarvis (Mrs. Samuel Colt), 74–75, 481

Colt, Samuel, 481, 494

Colt’s Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company, 101, 481, 494, 560

“Comment on Tautology and Grammar,” 13, 118, 119–20, 499–500

Confessions (Rousseau), 5, 6, 15, 378, 600

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, 10, 118, 480, 594, 600, 653, 677

Consolidated Virginia Mine, 251–54, 543, 546

Copyright: dispute over Quaker City letters, 226–28, 536–38; saved when Webster and Company failed, 192, 656; SLC’s scheme to extend, 23–24, 30, 31n80

Cord, Mary Ann (Auntie), 189, 521

Cornell University, 455n, 644

Cosimo I, 230–32, 234, 236, 540

Cosmopolitan (periodical), 137, 504, 565, 643

Cox, James, 136, 140, 504–5

Crane, Susan Langdon (Mrs. Theodore Crane; Aunt Susy), 324, 355, 358, 363, 373, 579, 634; father’s final illness, 360–61; inherits Quarry Farm, 480; spelling ability, 333– 34, 583. See also Quarry Farm

Crane, Theodore, 324, 357, 358, 376, 480, 579, 598, 634

Creswell, John A. J., 637

The Critic (periodical), 491

The Critic (play), 607

Croker, Eyre Coote, 414, 622

Croker, Richard, 414, 622

Cunningham, Dr., 421

Cutler, Ellen (Mrs. William K. Cutler), 570

Cutler, William K., 298, 570

Daggett, Rollin M., 294, 296–97, 568

Daly, Augustin, 431, 547, 633

Daly, Joseph F., 547

Daniel (Uncle Dan’l, slave), 211–12, 217, 531, 533

Dante, 71, 246, 476

Davis, Charles E., 106, 497

Dawson, John D., 399, 610; Dawson’s school, 399–402, 417–20, 513, 610–14, 623–28, 651

Dawson, Noble E., 9, 492

De Cordova, Raphael, 148–49, 508, 509

Democratic Party, 146, 389, 470, 482, 565, 567, 622, 625, 637; Jeremiah and Sherrard Clemens, 527–28; Morris incident, 280, 562; SLC’s opposition to Tilden, 528. See also Cleveland-Blaine election

Dennison, William, 507

Depew, Chauncey M., 489, 549, 605

De Quille, Dan. See Wright, William H.

Derby, George Horatio (“Squibob”; “John Phoenix”), 66, 71, 476

Devens, Charles, 335, 583

DeVoto, Bernard. See Mark Twain in Eruption

The Diary of Samuel Pepys, 5

Dick, William Brisbane, 539

Dick and Fitzgerald, 539

Dickens, Charles, 148, 151, 162, 501, 508–9, 511, 517, 546, 577

Dickinson, Anna, 151, 511

Dilke, Charles Wentworth, 433, 634

Disraeli, Benjamin, 228, 538

Dixon, Thomas, Jr., 308, 573–74

Doctors, 188–91, 214–15, 404, 421, 520–21, 532, 614; Olivia Clemens’s experience as teenage invalid, 356, 590–91

Dodge, Mary Mapes, 25, 543

Dodge, Richard Irving, 580

Dodge, William E., 269, 558

Dodgson, Charles L. (Lewis Carroll), 433, 635

Dolby, George, 161–63, 516, 517

Douglas, David, 328, 582

Douglas, Joe, 531

Douglas, John H., 82, 88, 89, 487

Douglass, Frederick, 578

Drake, Francis, 203, 526

Drew, John, 547

Drinking: anecdote about Episcopal sextons, 398–99; anecdote about drunken sutler, 290–91. See also Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, attitudes and habits, eating and drinking

Dueling: rival editors in Virginia City, Nev. Terr., 294–98, 568–70; SLC’s “Dueling” manuscript, 13, 299–302, 570–72; Wise and Clemens, 349, 588

Dublin, N.H.: SLC dictates autobiography, 28, 30, 46; SLC spends summers, 285, 322, 556, 579, 653; visit of Harvey, 51–52

Duncan, Charles C., 227, 491, 537

Duncan, Joseph W., 615

Dunham, Austin Cornelius, 272, 560, 576

Dunham, Samuel G., 316, 413, 576, 621

“An Early Attempt,” 31, 32, 35, 203, 525, 526, 670–71

“Early Years in Florida, Missouri,” 8, 30, 64–65, 471

École des Beaux-Arts, 480, 564

Eddy, Mary Baker, 532

Eddy, Theodore, 399–400, 611

Eddy, William, 611

Edinburgh, 328, 430–37, 581, 632

Edison, Thomas A., 20, 172

Edwards, Henry, 547

Elcho, Lord (Francis Wemyss-Charteris-Douglas), 434, 635

Eliot, Charles William, 304, 573

Elisabeth Amalie Eugenie (empress of Austria), 293, 568

Elise (German nursemaid), 394, 607

Elmira, N.Y.: cemetery, 433, 634; SLC and OLC’s wedding, 321; SLC’s experience with doctor, 189–90, 521; SLC’s visit to court Olivia Langdon, 357–59, 591–92; See also Quarry Farm

Elmira Female College, 655

Elmira Water Cure, 590, 592

Emerson, Ellen, 554

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 150, 510; Whittier birthday dinner, 261–65, 553–56

“Emmeline” (painting), 341

England. See London

English Mary (servant), 548, 662–63

Enterprise Publishing Company, 544

Erie Railroad Company, 83, 488, 594, 610

Fagnani, Charles P., 410, 619

Fair, James G., 251, 252, 543, 544

Fairbanks, Charles W., 256, 549

Fairbanks, Mary Mason, 10, 554, 581, 592

Fairchild, Charles, 555

Fairchild, Lucius, 288–89, 566

Fairfax, Charles Snowden, 203, 526

Fairfax, Thomas, 526

Fairfax, William, 203, 526

Fall, George L., 508

Farnham Type-Setter Manufacturing Company, 104, 494

Faulkner, Barry (“Guy”), 392, 606

Ferguson. See Lee, Harvey

Ferguson, Henry, 129, 132; diary entries on Hornet incident, 133–43; objection to SLC’s use of diaries, 502–3

Ferguson, Samuel, 129, 502, 503; death, 144, 506; diary entries on Hornet incident, 130–43

Field, Kate, 151–52, 511

Fields, Annie Adams (Mrs. James T. Fields), 7, 434, 635

Fields, James T., 150, 434, 498, 510, 635

“The Final (and Right) Plan,” 31, 39, 220–21, 533, 671

Finley, John H., 285, 388, 547

Finn, James (Jimmy), 213, 397, 532

Fish, James D., 484, 487

Fiske, Abby M. Brooks (Mrs. John Fiske), 573

Fiske, John, 308, 573

Fiske, Willard, 239, 541, 542

Fitch, Thomas, 294, 568

FitzGerald, Dr., 190

Fitzgerald, Edward, 525

Fitz-John Porter Bill, 77, 485

Fitzsimmons, Robert, 293, 567

Fleming, Marjory, 328, 429, 581, 631

Flood, James Clair, 544

Florence: Clemens family 1892–93 residence, 244–49, 386–87, 542, 584; Clemens family 1903–4 residence, 19, 22, 31, 367, 540, 653; death of Olivia, 320, 455, 653; SLC’s visit to Mary Wilkes, 367, 595; “Villa di Quarto,” 22–23, 29, 230–49, 539–42; Villa Viviani, 22, 244–49, 386, 542, 676

The Florentine Dictations: creation and inclusion in the autobiography, 19–23, 29, 31–32, 41, 45, 220, 670–72; texts and notes, 192–98, 222–49, 522–24, 534–42

Florida, Mo.: Clemens family births and deaths, 451, 654–55; Clemens family residence, 62, 209–10, 379, 452, 471, 530, 651, 654, 676; SLC’s childhood recollections, 8, 64–65, 188, 209–10, 215, 471. See also Quarles farm

Following the Equator, 12, 355, 500, 517, 531–32, 542, 578, 590, 653; English edition, 677–78; writing of, 12, 228, 521

Foote, Edward M., 423–25, 629

Foote, Lilly Gillette, 326, 579–80

Four Sketches about Vienna, 8n19, 13, 118– 26, 499–501

Fourtou, Marie François Oscar Bardy de, 299, 570

France: Clemens family residence in Paris, 288, 386–87, 566, 603; dispute with Germany over Morocco, 257, 550; SLC’s burlesque map of Paris, 362–63, 593. See also Joan of Arc

Franklin, Benjamin, 5

Franklin, William Buel, 273, 560

Franz Joseph I (emperor of Austria), 118, 124–26, 500–501

Frederick I (king of Württemberg), 231–35, 540

Frederick III (emperor of Germany and king of Prussia), 527

Frederick William I (emperor of Germany and king of Prussia), 527

Frelinghuysen, Frederick T., 70, 476

Frohman, Daniel, 547

Fulton, Robert. See Robert Fulton Memorial Association

Fun (periodical), 517

Funston, Frederick, 257, 408–9, 551, 618–19

Fuqua, Anderson (Andy), 399, 610

Fuqua, Archibald (Arch), 399, 400, 611

Gabrilowitsch, Clara Clemens. See Clemens, Clara Langdon

Gabrilowitsch, Ossip, 654, 657

Gaines, “General,” 213, 397, 531–32

Galaxy (periodical), 563

Galloway, Charles B., 304, 573

Gambetta, Léon, 299, 570–71

Garfield, James A., 75, 482

Garth, David J., 613

Garth, John, 354–55, 613

Garth, John H., 401, 613

“Gerhardt,” 66, 74–75, 480–82

Gerhardt, Karl, 10, 66, 480; bust of Grant, 86–91, 488–89; bust of SLC, 88; Nathan Hale statue, 74–75, 480–82

German language: compound words, 118–19; German nursemaid who uses profanity (Elise), 394, 607

Germany, 107; carriage accident in Worms, 380, 600; Clemens family residence in Berlin, 13, 190, 521, 656; Clemens family residence in Munich, 107, 299, 327, 581; dispute with France over Morocco, 257, 550; Phelps anecdote in Berlin, 13, 204– 5, 527

Gibbons, James, 648

The Gilded Age (Mark Twain and Warner), 5, 481, 596, 652; New York Daily Graphic review, 339–40, 584–85; prototypes for characters, 206–8, 211, 529, 531; royalties, 209, 596; sources of content, 206, 209, 528–29, 559–60

Gilded Age play. See Colonel Sellers

Gilder, Jeannette L., 93, 95, 491, 492

Gilder, Richard Watson, 93, 95, 486, 491, 499; birthday letter to Cleveland, 388, 390, 604; Grant’s memoirs, 77–79, 486, 490–91; “My Debut as a Literary Person,” 15, 127, 502; speech at Players club, 255–56, 547

Gill, Laura Drake (“Miss Hill”), 396, 607–8

Gillette, William Hooker, 336, 406, 584, 617

Gillis, Angus, 295, 569

Gillis, James, 295, 553, 569

Gillis, Philip H., 295, 569

Gillis, Stephen E., 295, 297–98, 553, 569

Gillis, William, 569

Gladstone, William Ewart, 119, 120, 499

Gleason, Rachel Brooks, 362, 592

Gloverson and His Silent Partners (Keeler), 150, 154, 510

Golden Era (periodical), 150, 509–10, 516, 544, 568, 652

Goodman, Joseph T.: “Big Bonanza” silver strike, 253–54, 544; deciphers Maya inscriptions, 254, 545–46; dueling, 294– 96, 568; as owner and editor of Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, 252–53, 294, 535, 544, 568; question about SLC’s plagiarism of Holmes, 225, 535, 545; as reference for Jervis Langdon, 359, 592; replaced temporarily by SLC as editor of Enterprise, 296, 569–70

Goodsell, Abby F., 394–95, 607

Goodwin, Francis, 269, 270, 277, 278–79, 318–19, 558, 621

Goodwin, Henry Leavitt, 574–75

Goodwin, James, 277–78, 562

Gorky, Maxim, 546

Gough, John B., 151, 511

Gould, Jay, 364, 366, 594

Grand Army of the Republic. See “The Chicago G. A. R. Festival”

Grant, Elizabeth Chapman (Mrs. Jesse Grant), 88, 489

Grant, Ellen Wrenshall, 482

Grant, Frederick Dent, 11, 381, 482, 487, 492; comments about Grant, 76, 84, 99; and Gerhardt’s bust of Grant, 88, 90– 91; investor in Grant and Ward, 484; invitation to SLC to speak for Robert Fulton Memorial Association, 426–28, 630–31; as possible partner in Webster and Company, 491–92; and publication of Grant’s memoirs, 79, 80, 81, 85, 91, 491

Grant, Ida Honoré (Mrs. Fred Grant), 89, 489

Grant, Jesse Root, Jr., 473, 482, 484; possible partner in Webster and Company, 95–97, 491–92

Grant, Julia Dent (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant), 81, 473, 482, 485, 493; and Gerhardt’s bust of Grant, 88–89, 90; personal property, 77, 484–85; royalties earned from Grant’s memoirs, 487

Grant, Orville, 470

Grant, Ulysses S., 472; bill granting pension, 77, 485; books about, 477; and bust by Gerhardt, 66, 86–91, 488–89; Century Magazine war articles, 77–78, 79–80, 82, 85–86, 91–92, 97, 486, 489; Chicago G.A.R. banquet, 66–70, 472–75; concern for Chinese students in U.S., 66, 72–73, 477–79; connection to Lincoln assassination, 97, 492; on Derby, 71, 476; financial problems, 76–77, 81, 82–84, 482–85, 487– 88; and Garfield presidential campaign, 75, 482, 483; help for Howells’s father, 66, 70, 475–76; illness and death, 9, 66, 82, 84, 89, 98, 487, 598; meetings with SLC, 67, 68, 472–73; on Sherman’s march, 382, 601; similarity to Jervis Langdon, 373, 598; spiritual adviser, 99–100, 493; visit of SLC and Susy Clemens, 335, 381–82; visit to Hartford, 75–76, 483. See also Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant

Grant, Ulysses S., Jr. (Buck), 83, 482–84, 488

“Grant and the Chinese,” 66, 72–73, 477–79

The Grant Dictations, 9–10, 66–100, 472–93

Grant and Ward (stockbrokers), 70, 76, 82, 83, 483–84, 485. See also Ward, Ferdinand

Gray, David, 363, 375, 534, 594, 598–99

Gray, David, Jr., 363, 375, 598

Gray, Martha Guthrie (Mrs. David Gray), 353, 375, 594

Greeley, Horace, 145, 151, 222, 506, 511, 534

Greene, Jacob L., 271, 559

Greer, David Hummell, 286, 565

Gridiron Club, 256, 546, 548, 574

Gridley, Reuel Colt, 419–20, 625–26

Gridley, Susannah L. Snider (Mrs. Reuel Gridley), 625

Griffin, George, 269–70, 316, 335, 583

“A Group of Servants,” 13, 118, 120–24, 500

Grumman, William Edgar, 27n68, 669

Hale, Nathan: statue competition, 66, 74–75, 480–82

Haley, H. H., 514

Hamersley, William, 101–6, 271, 413, 494, 496, 621

Hamersley, William James, 271–72, 559

Hancock, Winfield, 482

Hannah (Aunt Hannah, slave), 211

Hannibal, Mo., 18, 274, 354, 646, 654; anecdotes about Henry Clemens, 350– 51; anecdote about Jim Wolf, 11, 159–61, 418, 515; anecdotes about Orion Clemens, 453–54; anecdote about “playing bear,” 52, 155–57; cave near, 213–14, 418–19, 532, 624–25; child left behind during move, 209, 379, 530, 600; cholera and measles epidemics, 52, 352, 420–21, 589, 628; Clemens family doctor, 188–89, 215, 520; Clemens family residence, 17, 62, 188, 210, 399, 452, 471, 651; and John Marshall Clemens, 62–63, 274, 470; newspapers owned by Orion Clemens, 4, 11, 63, 459, 470, 515, 521, 645, 655; SLC’s childhood friends and acquaintances, 157, 353, 397, 399–402, 417–21, 455–58, 513, 515, 531, 589, 608–14, 623–28, 644; SLC’s 1902 visit, 353, 589, 612–13, 623, 624, 653; tragedies that SLC witnessed as a child, 157–59, 514–15, 610

Hannibal Gazette, 644, 651

Hannibal Home Guard (Marion Rangers), 527–28, 611–12, 627, 651

Hannibal Journal, 521; Orion Clemens buys and combines with Western Union, 459, 470, 645, 655

Hannibal Missouri Courier: SLC apprenticed to Joseph P. Ament, 455–59, 515, 644–45, 651

Hannibal Western Union, 515, 651; Orion Clemens starts, 470, 645, 655

Hapgood, Norman, 375, 598

Hardy, Samuel F., 504

Hardy, Thomas Duffus, 433, 634

Hardy, Thomas Masterman, 634

Harper, Henry, 127

Harper and Brothers, 19, 29, 49, 56, 557, 564, 629, 653

Harper’s Bazar, 621, 631

Harper’s Monthly, 547; SLC’s first contribution, 127–28, 501, 503, 504; SLC’s other contributions, 145, 181, 629, 631

Harper’s Weekly, 22, 51, 542, 547, 553, 557, 619; SLC’s birthday issue, 558, 657, 675

Harris, Joel Chandler (Uncle Remus), 217, 532–33, 635

Harrison, Carter Henry, Sr., 68, 473

Harrison, Henry B., 482

Harrison, Katharine I., 193, 194, 522

Harte, Bret, 23, 146, 150, 229, 509, 516, 539

Hartford Club, 413, 621

Hartford Courant, 93, 491, 525, 637; on Cleveland-Blaine election, 316–17, 319, 577; owners and editors, 319, 413, 481, 576, 577

Hartford Monday Evening Club, 269–70, 318, 558–60

Harvey, George Brinton McClellan, 557, 564, 574, 672; handwriting on typescripts, 48, 52, 672; posthumous publication of the autobiography, 19, 57–58; publication of excerpts from the autobiography, 51–54, 56, 155; on U.S. massacre of Moros, 407; SLC’s birthday dinner, 267–68

Hawaii. See Sandwich Islands

Hawkes, Forbes Robert, 286, 565

Hawkins, John, 203, 526

Hawley, Harriet Foote, 579

Hawley, Joseph Roswell, 205, 317, 528, 576, 577

Hay, Clara L. Stone (Mrs. John Milton Hay), 223, 534–35

Hay, John Milton, 145, 363; as assistant and biographer of Lincoln, 224, 535; conversation with SLC about autobiography, 7– 8, 64, 223–24, 535; French novel incident, 392–93; friend of Burlingame, 596; friend of Gray, 363, 375; friend of Greeley, 145, 222; “John Hay,” 22, 32, 46n86, 54, 222– 24, 534–35

Hay, Rosina, 65, 435, 581, 607, 636

Hayes, Isaac I., 146, 149, 151, 509, 511

Hayes, Rutherford B., 528

Hearst, George, 315–16, 576

Hearst, William Randolph, 219, 315, 450–51, 501, 576

Helps, Arthur, 434, 635

Henry, Hubert-Joseph, 302, 571

“Henry H. Rogers,” 22, 192–98, 522–24

Herndon, William Lewis, 461, 646

Herrick, H. S., 625–26

Hickman, Philander A., 419, 625

Hickman, Sarah M. Brittingham (Mrs. Philander A. Hickman), 625

Higbie, Calvin H., 445–49, 640–41

Higginson, Thomas W., 555

Higham, Dick, 444, 460, 640

Hobby, Josephine S.: oral transmission of Susy’s biography, 584; skill, 1, 25, 27–29, 669, 671; as stenographer for Autobiographical Dictations, 23–29, 48, 543, 564, 584, 669, 672–75, 710; transcribes earlier autobiographical writings, 31n81, 155, 192, 525, 574; transcribes inserted documents, 572, 605, 608, 632, 636, 679; types TS2, 31n81, 32, 46, 670–71, 675, 710; types TS3, 52, 54, 670–72, 710

Hofer, Andreas, 126, 500

Holland, 581

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 150, 510; Authors’ Reading, 384, 601–2; SLC’s alleged plagiarism, 225–26, 535–36; Whittier birthday dinner, 260, 261–65, 553–56

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 475

Holt, Winifred T., 466, 650

Homer, 465

Hood, John B., 382, 601

Hood, Thomas, 433, 634

Hood, Tom, 162, 433, 517, 634

“Horace Greeley,” 16, 145, 506

Hornet (clipper ship), 127–44, 501–6

Hotten, John Camden, 517

Houghton, Henry O., 261, 264, 552, 555

Houghton, Lady (Annabella Hungerford Crewe), 434, 635

Houghton, Lord (Richard Monckton Milnes), 433–34, 634, 635

House, Edward H., 375, 492, 598

Howden, Mary Louise, 27n68, 669, 674

Howells, John M., 653

Howells, William Cooper, 66, 70, 475–76

Howells, William Dean, 150, 165, 465, 475, 498, 499, 677; Authors’ Reading, 383– 84, 601; discussions with SLC about autobiography, 5, 20–21, 23, 27, 29–31, 57, 441; as editor of Atlantic Monthly, 165, 339, 535, 539, 552, 599, 584–85; on Grant, 71, 476; Grant’s help for father, 66, 70, 475–76; introduces SLC at his birthday dinner, 658; on Keeler, 510, 513; letter about McAleer, 412, 620; My Mark Twain, 57, 475, 476; reads early typescript of autobiography, 27, 32, 51, 52; SLC’s letters to, about dictation, 10, 20–21; SLC’s letters to, about Grant, 474–75, 479, 483; SLC’s letter to, about “old pigeonholed things,” 13, 30; Whittier birthday dinner, 266–67, 552, 554, 555

Howland, Robert Muir, 295, 447, 569

Hubbard, John, 623

Hubbard, Richard D., 74, 480–81

Hubbard, Stephen A., 319–20, 577

Hudson, Laura K., 260–61, 264

Hughes, Thomas, 433, 634

Hull, John A. T., 551

Hutchinson, James S., 592

Hutton, Laurence, 431, 465, 498–99, 547, 650

Hyde, Ed, 514–15

Hyde, James H., 257, 364, 549

Hyde, Richard, 514–15

Ihrie, George P., 492

India, 190–91, 522, 653; Bombay, 107, 190, 522; Calcutta, 18, 107, 157, 513; Jaipur religious procession, 126, 500

Indians. See Native Americans

Ingersoll, Robert G., 68, 69, 474–75

Injun Joe, 159, 213, 397–98, 515, 531

The Innocents Abroad, 29, 359, 473, 475, 584, 652; Elisha Bliss, Jr., 371, 596; dedication allegedly plagiarized, 225–26, 535–36; dispute over use of Quaker City letters, 226–28, 536–38; sources of content, 5, 158, 228, 472, 481, 514; writing of, 228, 281, 355

Insurance company scandal, 257, 268, 271, 364–66, 464, 549

Irving, Henry, 433, 634

Italy, 581. See also Florence

Jackass Hill, California, 553

Jackson, Andrew, 62, 470

James, Henry, 475

James, William, 475

Jefferson, Joseph, 547

Jeffreys, George, 204, 526–27

Jenny (slave), 471

Jerome, William Travers, 304, 573

Jewett, Hugh J., 83, 488

Jews, 528, 571; “Concerning the Jews,” 629; first Jews SLC meets 420, 626; money raised for Russian relief, 463, 546, 584, 649; Russian massacre, 185, 520

Joan of Arc, 466, 531. See also “Scraps from My Autobiography. Private History of a Manuscript That Came to Grief”

John A. Gray and Green, 460

“John Hay,” 22, 32, 46n86, 54, 222–24, 534–35

John H. Dickey (steamboat), 614

Johnson, Andrew, 492

Johnson, Charles Frederick, 273, 560

Johnson, Dr., 322

Johnson, Mr. (farmer), 459, 645

Johnson, Robert Underwood, 490–91, 547

Johnson, William M., 610

Johnston, Gordon (“Lieutenant Johnson”), 406–7, 617

Johnston, Joseph F., 617

Johnston, Robert Daniel, 617

Jones, Anna Taylor, 619

Jones, George, 483

Jones, John P., 104, 106, 252, 253, 496

Jones, John Paul, 427, 631

Jones, Mr. (Sandwich Islands resident), 142–43

“Josh” letters, 543, 651

Jouffroy, François, 482, 564

Kaatmann, Carl Henrich, 138, 504

Keeler, Ralph Olmstead: “Ralph Keeler,” 16, 145, 146, 150–55, 509, 510–13

Keller, Helen, 210, 464–67, 531, 650

Kendler, Marion von, 127

Kennett, Thomas A. (“Mr. Kinney”), 364, 366, 594

Keokuk, Iowa, 378, 460–61, 599, 654; Orion Clemens’s print shop, 444, 460, 461, 640, 646, 651

Kercheval, Helen V. (Mrs. John H. Garth), 401, 613

Kercheval, William E., 401–2, 613

Key, David McKendree, 437, 637

Key, Francis Scott, 287, 566

Key, Philip Barton, 287, 566

Kingsley, Charles, 433, 634

Kinney, Mr. See Kennett, Thomas A.

Kinsmen club, 113, 498–99

Kleckhoefer, Misses, 619

Klinefelter, John S., 274, 560–61

Körner, Theodor, 146, 507

Kung, Prince (Prince Gong), 72, 478

La Cossitt, Henry, 644, 651

Lacy, Mary Elizabeth (Mrs. Leonard Mefford), 417, 623

Laird, James L., 296–98, 570

Lakenan, Lizzie Ayres (Mrs. Robert F. Lakenan), 611

Lakenan, Robert F., 400–401, 611, 612

Lambton, John George (1792–1840), 587–88

Lambton, John George (1855–1928), 588

Lampton, James J., 55, 206–8, 529

Lampton, Lewis, 529

Lampton, Wharton, 530

Lampton, William, 588

Lampton, William James, 450, 642

Landor, Walter Savage, 239, 541

Langdon, Andrew, 356, 591

Langdon, Charles Jervis, 321, 579, 610, 639; as business man, 376–78, 578; dislikes Atwater, 374; as “General,” 443, 640; mother’s indulgence of, 376; Quaker City excursion, 320, 355, 577; wagon incident, 357–58

Langdon, Ida B. Clark (Mrs. Charles Jervis Langdon), 622

Langdon, Jervis, 355, 358, 578, 655; business interests, 373–74, 376–77, 599; buys house for newlywed Clemenses, 321–22, 360, 578; buys Quarry Farm, 480; illness and death, 360–61, 375; offers to buy Tennessee land, 471; potential railway magnate, 366, 369–70; SLC’s courtship of daughter Olivia, 357–59, 592; Susy Clemens’s biography, 355–56, 373

Langdon, Julie. See Loomis, Julie Olivia Langdon

Langdon, Olivia Lewis (Mrs. Jervis Langdon), 355, 376, 443, 578, 598

Langdon, Susan. See Crane, Susan Langdon

Larkin, Henry W., 501

“The Latest Attempt,” 1n1, 22n54, 31–32, 37–38, 46n86, 220, 533

Lawrence, Joseph E., 150, 509, 510

Lawson, Thomas W., 195, 197, 523, 524

League, William T., 644, 645

Lean, Cornelius, 120, 499

Leary, Katy, 19, 25, 242, 322, 335, 540, 541; death of Susy Clemens, 323–25

“Lecture-Times,” 16, 145, 146–49, 150, 506–9

Lee, Harvey (“Ferguson”), 203, 526

Lee, Robert E., 97

Leopold II (king of Belgium), 268, 557

Levering, Clint, 626

Levin boys, 420, 626

Life on the Mississippi, 6, 8n21, 480, 614, 652; Henry Clemens’s death, 274–76, 560–61; Osgood as publisher, 372, 498, 597; praised by Wilhelm II, 645; prototype for Huck’s father, 531–32; SLC’s experiences as Mississippi River pilot, 559, 647; SLC’s trip to gather material, 9, 532–33, 597, 620, 636, 653; tramp’s death, 157–58, 514

Li Hung Chang, 72–73, 478

Lincoln, Abraham, 81, 98, 444, 472, 475, 488, 557; appoints Orion Clemens as favor to Bates, 452, 461, 643, 655; assassination, 97, 492; enjoys Nasby’s humor, 506; Hay as assistant and biographer, 224, 534–35

Lindley, Caleb W., 515

Lipton, Thomas, 413, 622

Locke, David Ross (Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby), 146–47, 148, 151, 340, 506–7, 508

Logan, John A., 474

Logan, Olive, 151, 152, 512

London: Clemens family 1873 residence, 161, 433, 634, 516, 581, 635–66, 652; Clemens family 1879 visit, 635, 636; Clemens family 1896–97 residence, 12, 126, 191, 637, 653; 109, 111, 115; Clemens family 1899–1900 residence, 17, 107, 572, 653; “Jim Wolf and the Tom-Cats” plagiarized, 18, 161–62, 516–17; Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee, 115–16, 126, 499, 501; SLC’s 1872 residence, 516, 517, 652

London Times, 16, 538, 635

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 150, 510; Memorial Association readings, 383–84, 601–2; Whittier birthday dinner, 260–65, 553–56

Longworth, Nicholas (horticulturist), 206, 529

Longworth, Nicholas (congressman), 639

Loomis, Edward Eugene, 398–99, 610

Loomis, Julie Olivia Langdon (Mrs. Edward Eugene Loomis), 398, 610

Lord, Mrs. Herbert, 396, 607

Louisville (Ky.) Courier-Journal, 55, 642

A Love-Chase (play by Susy Clemens), 327, 580

Lovell, Gilbert A., 186

Lowell, James Russell, 150, 510, 553

Lyon, Isabel V., 32, 260, 274, 466, 639, 675; on death of Malone, 565; friend of Thayers in Dublin, N.H., 392, 606; hired and fired, 19, 653, 654, 657; in Italy with Clemens family, 19, 25, 540; marriage to Ashcroft, 586; notes on Paine’s edition of autobiography, 30, 66–67; previous acquaintance with Countess Massiglia, 540–41; publication of autobiography excerpts in North American Review, 55–56; records SLC’s Florentine dictations, 20–21, 22n55, 192, 609, 653; SLC and Bible class of Rockefeller, Jr., 629, 630; SLC and Players club, 547–48; SLC’s description of Roosevelt, 551–52; SLC’s dictation practices and Hobby, 27– 29, 543, 674; SLC’s reading of “Random Extracts” typescript, 30; SLC’s Y.M.C.A., speech, 411–12, 620

MacCrellish, Frederick, 227, 538

MacDonald, George, 433, 634, 635

MacDonald, Louisa (Mrs. George MacDonald), 635

“The Machine Episode,” 12, 101–6, 494–98

Mackay, John W., 251–52, 254, 543–44

Macy, John, 650

Magonigle, John Henry, 431–32, 633

Maguire, Thomas, 226, 529, 536–37

Majestic Theatre, New York, 409–12, 619–20

Malone, John, 283–86, 293–94, 565

Manley, R. M. (Hilary Trent), 181, 520

Maria Nicolaievna, Grand Duchess, 230, 234, 540

Marion Rangers. See Hannibal Home Guard

Mark Twain: A Biography (MTB) (Paine), 101, 199, 490, 530, 537, 539, 599, 628, 637, 644; Paine’s plans to write, 250–51, 542–43

Mark Twain in Eruption (MTE) (DeVoto), 2–3, 8n21, 46, 50, 145, 664–66, 672

Mark Twain Project Online (MTPO), 4, 558, 574, 669, 673, 675, 679

Mark Twain’s Autobiography (MTA) (Paine), 2–4, 8, 30–32, 49, 64, 101, 542–43, 551, 574, 663–66, 670; differences from SLC’s version, 3, 61, 64, 66, 101, 118, 150, 155, 488, 591, 672; writings omitted, 13, 118, 127, 145, 164, 188, 192, 199, 670, 672

Mark Twain’s Library of Humor, 46, 51

Marsh, Edward L., 443–45, 639–40

Marsh, Mr. and Mrs. Sheppard, 443

Marsh, William J., 624

Mason, Dean B., 604

Mason, Frank H., 388–90, 604–5

Mason, Jennie V. Birchard (Mrs. Frank H. Mason), 604

Massiglia, Countess (Frances Paxton), 22–23, 231–44 passim, 540–41

Matthews, Brander, 255–56, 499, 547, 548, 637

Maudslay, Alfred P., 546

Mauritius, 215, 521, 532

Mayo, Frank, 207, 529

McAleer, Alice, 621

McAleer, Anne (Nancy), 322, 579, 621

McAleer, Edward, 579

McAleer, Mary Reagan (Mrs. Patrick McAleer), 579

McAleer, Michael, 621

McAleer, Patrick, 324, 579; described by SLC, 322–23, 579; hired for newlywed Clemenses, 321–22, 360; illness and death, 52, 322–23, 412–13, 621

McAleer, William, 621

McCall, John A., 257, 364–66, 549, 594

McCall, John C., 365–66, 549

McCarthy, Denis, 252–54, 537, 544–45

McClellan, George B., 273, 481, 560

McClure, S. S., 22, 29, 32, 46, 51, 392, 606

McClure’s Magazine, 29, 51, 392, 606

McCormick, Wales, 455–58, 644

McCullough, John, 284, 564–65

McDaniel, James W. (Jimmy), 417–18, 623–24

McDowell, Joseph Nash, 214, 532

McKinley, William, 408, 462, 615, 618, 647

McKnight, George H., 413, 621–22

McLaren, Elizabeth T., 429, 582, 632

McMurry, T. P. (Pet), 456, 645

Medici, Cosimo de’ (Cosimo I), 230–32, 234, 236, 540

Medici, Lorenzo de’, 246, 542

Mefford, Leonard, 623

Mémoires (Casanova), 5, 6, 15

Mental telegraphy, 429, 465, 631

Menzies, John, 437, 637

Meredith, Anna (Mrs. Hugh Meredith), 614

Meredith, Charles, 189, 521

Meredith, Henry H., 614

Meredith, Hugh, 27, 54, 188–89, 215, 453–54, 520–21, 532, 614

Meredith, John D., 402, 614

Miller, Mary, 417, 623

Millet, Francis D. (Frank), 255–56, 548

Miner, George R., 446, 640

Mitchell, Josiah Angier, 129–44, 501, 504–5

Moffett, Mary Emily Mantz (Mrs. Samuel E. Moffett), 643

Moffett, Pamela A. Clemens (Mrs. William A. Moffett), 155, 160, 420, 461, 486, 513, 530, 609, 645, 655; birth, 206, 451, 528; illness and death, 451; on Jane Lampton Clemens, 528; music teacher, 455, 644

Moffett, Samuel E., 450–51, 461, 528, 565, 642–43, 655

Moffett, William A., 274, 461, 561, 655

Monday Evening Club, 269, 318, 558–60

Moore, Thomas, 82, 487

Mora, F. Luis, 56

Morgan, John Pierpont, 269, 558

Moro tribe (Philippines): U.S. massacre, 403–8, 614–18

Morrill, Paul, 501

Morris, Mrs. Minor, 256–59, 279–81, 292–93, 551, 562, 567

Morris, William, 279, 562

Moss, Mary (Mrs. Robert F. Lakenan), 400– 401, 611, 612

Mulford, Prentice, 150, 510

Müller, George Friedrich, 116–17, 499

Munro, David A., 564; as editor of North American Review, 47, 54, 54n102, 672; as Players club member, 284–85, 432, 547, 548

Murphy, Edgar Gardner, 305, 573

Murray, T. Douglas, 17, 164–80, 518–20

Muscatine, Iowa, 459–60, 645–46, 654, 655

Muscatine Journal: Orion Clemens buys and sells, 459–60, 645–46

“My Autobiography [Random Extracts from It],” 55, 203–20, 525–33; manuscript facsimile of first page, 14; textual history, 12–13, 17, 31, 32, 36, 53–54, 525–26, 671

“My Debut as a Literary Person,” 13, 15, 17, 127–44, 501–6

My Mark Twain (Howells), 57, 475, 476, 601

“The Mysterious Stranger” manuscripts (“Schoolhouse Hill”; “St. Petersburg Fragment”), 589, 609–10, 613, 623, 627, 644

NAR. See North American Review

Nasby, Petroleum Vesuvius. See Locke, David Ross

Nash, Abner, 589

Nash, Mary (Mrs. John Hubbard), 623

Nash, Thomas S., 353, 589, 590, 623

Nast, Thomas, 25

Native Americans, 268, 326, 580, 612. See also Injun Joe

Neider, Charles. See The Autobiography of Mark Twain (AMT) (Neider)

Nevada Territory: “Big Bonanza” silver strike, 251–54, 543–46; dueling in, 294–98, 568–70; scheme for Higbie to get job in mine, 446–49, 641; SLC as miner, 445, 447, 543, 553, 641, 651. See also Virginia City Territorial Enterprise

New England Gas and Coke Company, 197, 523–24

Newman, John Philip, 66, 99–100, 493

New Orleans: SLC seeks ship for South America, 561; SLC stays after fight with Brown, 275, 561; SLC’s 1882 visit, 9n24, 435, 636

Newton, James Rogers, 356, 590, 591

New York Daily Graphic, 339–40, 584–85

New York Evening Post, 282, 616

New York Evening Sun, 616

New York Globe and Commercial Advertiser, 616, 617

New York Herald: Badeau, 477; Higbie’s account of earlier association with SLC, 446, 641; SLC as Washington, D.C. correspondent, 562–63; SLC’s letters about Quaker City excursion, 227, 282, 472

New York Saturday Press, 501, 652

New York Sunday Mercury, 161, 515

New York Times, 24, 538, 616; covers “Big Bonanza” silver strike, 251, 254, 543; Duncan’s lawsuit, 491; review of autobiography chapters in North American Review, 55

New York Tribune: Badeau, 477; Field, 151, 511; Greeley, 145, 222, 506; Hay, 222, 534; Keeler, 154, 513; Reid, 534; SLC as Washington, D.C., correspondent, 562–63; SLC’s letters about Quaker City excursion, 67, 227, 282, 472; Winter, 264; Young, 477

New York World: 557, 594, 608, 617; Grant’s memoirs, 93, 94, 96–98, 490; Moffett as editorial writer, 451, 643

New Zealand, 653

Nicholas I (tsar of Russia), 540

Nicholas II (tsar of Russia), 550

Nicolay, John G., 535

Nigra, Constantino, 299, 571

North, Charles R., 106, 498

North, John W., 298, 570

North American Review (NAR): Harvey as editor, 557; Munro as editor, 47, 54, 102, 284, 564; publication of autobiography chapters, 2, 51–57, 663–67, 670– 72

Norton, Charles Eliot, 384, 601

“Notes on ‘Innocents Abroad,’ ” 22, 32, 225–28, 535–38

Noyes, Edward Follansbee, 289, 567

Nye, Edgar Wilson (Bill), 288, 566

Nye, Emma, 362, 363, 433, 592–93

Nye, John, 445, 640, 641

O’Brien, William Shoney, 252, 544

Oettel, Walter, 547, 662

Ogden, Robert C., 303, 308, 572

O’Hagan, Joseph, 288, 566

O’Neil, Ellen, 323, 324

O’Neil, John, 323, 324, 413, 621

O’Reilly, John Boyle, 150, 510

Orton, Arthur, 517

Osgood, James Ripley, 112–13, 372, 498–99, 597, 620

Owsley, Anna B. (Nannie), 399, 610

Owsley, William Perry, 514, 610

Page, Thomas Nelson, 384, 602

Paige, James W.: electromagnetic motor, 102– 3, 495; printing telegraph, 495; typesetting machine, 12, 23, 101–6, 455, 494–98, 521, 632, 644, 652, 653

Paine, Albert Bigelow, 30, 287, 428, 541, 542, 599, 654; at autobiographical dictation sessions, 25–26, 28, 250–51, 674; handwriting on typescripts, 14, 37, 40, 46, 48, 49, 551, 591, 672; role in inception of auto biography, 250–51, 542–43. See also Mark Twain’s Autobiography (MTA); Mark Twain: A Biography (MTB)

Palmer, Albert M., 431, 547

Panama Canal, 257, 534, 549–50, 574

Parker, Edwin Pond, 270, 311–12, 413, 559, 621

Parkhurst, Charles Henry, 307, 308, 573

Parr, Thomas, 5

Parsons, William, 151, 511

Paul Jones (steamboat), 461, 559, 646, 651

Pavey, Jesse H., 351, 588

Paxton, Frances. See Massiglia, Countess

Pearson’s Magazine, 55

Pennsylvania (steamboat), 274–76, 560–61, 651

Pepys, Samuel, 5

Perkins, Charles E., 272, 273, 316, 413, 559

Perry Davis’s Pain-Killer, 351–52, 358, 588– 89

Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant: American Publishing Company as potential publisher, 71, 80; Badeau’s work on, 98, 492– 93; competition between Century Company and SLC to publish, 10, 66, 71–72, 75–86, 91–98, 489–93, 653; Grant dictates, 9, 97, 492; Grant reluctant to write, 71–72, 335; royalties, 78–81, 92–93, 95, 487, 490

Petöfi, Sándor, 146, 507

Peyton, Thomas F., 276, 561

Phelps, Roswell H., 9n24, 620

Phelps, William Walter, 204–5, 527

Philadelphia, Penn.: SLC works as typesetter, 11, 460, 646, 651

Philadelphia Inquirer, 460

Philadelphia Press, 340, 585

Philadelphia Public Ledger, 460, 486

Philippines: Funston’s capture of Aguinaldo, 257, 408, 551, 618–19; tariff bill, 280, 562; U.S. massacre of Moros, 403–8, 614–18

Phillips, Horatio, 447, 641

Phillips, Wendell, 151, 511

Phoenix, John. See Derby, George Horatio (“Squibob”)

Picquart, Georges, 302, 571

Players club: dinner honoring SLC, 25, 255– 56, 546–48, 662–63; founding, 431, 633; SLC’s membership, 255, 284, 431–32, 547–48

Plunkett, J. R. (Joe), 294, 568

Plymouth Church (Brooklyn), 511, 537, 575. See also Beecher, Henry Ward

Pomeroy, Frederick William, 386, 603

Pond, James B., 381, 393, 600

Porter, Fitz-John, 485–86

Porter, Horace, 427, 631

Postal system (U.S.), 436–38, 636–38

Potter. See Brooks, Preston S.

Powlison, Charles F., 410

Practical Jokes with Artemus Ward, 517

Pratt and Whitney Company, 87, 104, 496–98

“Preface. As from the Grave,” 31, 32, 41–45, 221–22, 533, 671

Presbyterianism. See Religion

Prime, William C., 74, 481

The Prince and the Pauper, 480, 653, 677; Clemens family children’s play, 335–36, 583; publication of, 372, 498, 597; Susy Clemens on, 348

Proctor, Richard A., 511

Quaker City excursion, 652; dispute over rights to SLC’s letters, 226–28, 536–38; SLC’s letters about, 67, 228, 281–82, 472–73. See also The Innocents Abroad

Quarles, Benjamin L., 218, 533

Quarles, James A., 218, 533

Quarles, John Adams, 64, 210, 471, 533, 651. See also Quarles farm

Quarles, Martha Ann Lampton (Mrs. John Adams Quarles; Aunt Patsy), 213, 471

Quarles, William Frederick (Fred), 218, 533

Quarles farm: 210–20, 471, 651; SLC’s childhood summers, 210–11, 212–13, 214–15, 216–20, 471, 651; SLC’s use in fiction, 210, 531

Quarry Farm: Clemens family at, 325, 330, 349, 434, 480, 652; Olivia Clemens buried at, 25; as residence of Cranes, 333, 373, 480, 521, 579, 652

“Rab and His Friends” (Brown), 328–29, 433, 581

“Ralph Keeler,” 16, 145, 146, 150–55, 509–13

“Random Extracts.” See “My Autobiography [Random Extracts from It]”

Ranzoni, Daniele, 585

Raphael, 172

Raybaudi-Massiglia, Annibale, 233, 540

Raymond, John T., 206–7, 529

Reade, Charles, 433, 634

Redpath, James: definition of artist, 87; as founder of lecture agency, 148, 508; as SLC’s stenographer, 9–10, 20, 25, 66–67, 491, 669. See also Redpath Lyceum Bureau

Redpath Lyceum Bureau, 146, 148, 151–52, 508–9, 511–12, 600

“Reflections on a Letter and a Book,” 181–87, 520

Reid, Robert, 284, 432, 547, 564, 633

Reid, Whitelaw, 222, 534

Religion: Catholic funerals, 293–94; Langdon family, 655; Orion Clemens, 452–53; Presbyterianism, 181, 185–86, 223, 375, 516, 520: SLC’s churchgoing, 346, 352–53; SLC’s Presbyterian conscience, 157–59, 188, 190, 398, 514; Susy Clemens’s “What is it all for?” question, 326, 375, 419, 580

Republican Party, 625–26; Grant, 75, 482; insurance scandal, 549; Mason’s diplomatic appointment, 389, 605; Morris incident, 280–81, 292; Philippines and U.S. massacre of Moros, 407; politicians and candidates, 472, 502, 524, 551, 560, 562, 568, 637,

Republican Party (continued) 639; SLC supports Hawley, 205, 528, 576; SLC supports Hayes, 528. See also Cleveland, Grover; Cleveland-Blaine election; Roosevelt, Theodore

“The Rev. Dr. Newman,” 66, 99–100, 493

Richardson, Abby Sage, 598

Richardson, Elisha A., 613

Richardson, Mary L. RoBards (Mrs. Elisha A. Richardson), 613

Richardson, Sara Ellen, 401, 613

Richmond, Joshua, 418, 624

Riddle, Matthew Brown, 314, 317–18, 575, 577

Riley, John Henry, 282, 563

Rising, Franklin S., 225, 536

Riverdale, N.Y., 387, 432, 603, 653

Robards, Amanda Carpenter, 611

Robards, Archibald S., 611, 612

Robards, George C., 399, 400–401, 513, 610–11, 612

Robards (RoBards), John Lewis, 338, 400– 401, 610, 612–13

Robards, Sarah H. (Sally; “Mary Wilson”), 157, 513, 514

Robbia, Luca della, 240, 541

Robert Fulton Memorial Association, 426– 28, 630–31

“Robert Louis Stevenson and Thomas Bailey Aldrich,” 22, 29n74, 32, 55, 228–30, 538– 39, 670

Roberts, James B., 592

Roberts, W. H., 185

Robinson, Henry C., 272, 316–17, 560

Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 365, 421–25, 439–41, 628–30, 638

Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 365, 421–22, 442, 628, 639

Rockefeller, William, 523

Rogers, Henry Huttleston: “Henry H. Rogers,” 22, 192–98, 522–24; lawsuits, 194–98, 257, 522–24, 549; letters from, 29; letters to, 12, 15, 19, 29, 188, 500, 518, 522–23, 540, 613; Paige typesetting machine, 496–98; as SLC’s financial advisor and agent, 19, 29, 46, 51, 192– 94, 557, 653; visit to Helen Keller, 465, 650; yacht (Kanawha), 46, 413–14, 622

Rogers, Mary, 51, 53, 54

Roosevelt, Alice Lee, 442, 639

Roosevelt, Theodore, 367, 438, 442, 557; character, 259–60, 551–52; death blow to Russian revolution, 462–63, 648; Gridiron Club dinner, 256, 546, 548, 574; mediates peace in Russo-Japanese War, 462–63, 647–48; military career, 406, 409, 615; Morris incident, 256, 257–59, 292–93, 551, 562, 567; U.S. massacre of Moros, 405, 406–7, 616–17; Wood’s career, 408–9, 615, 619

Ross, Janet Duff, 241, 541–42

Roughing It, 584, 652; publishing contract, 370, 372, 477, 596; sources of content, 5, 8n5, 224, 445, 449, 535–37, 543, 563, 569–70, 603, 640, 641, 647

“Roughing It” lecture, 508

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 5, 6, 15, 378, 600

The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám (Fitzgerald), 14, 525

Rudolf I (Holy Roman Emperor), 125, 500

Rudolf II (king of Bohemia), 125, 500

Russell, Howard H., 411, 619–20

Russell, Isabelle K., 396, 607

Russia: massacre of Jews, 185, 520, 546, 584, 649; Russian revolution (1905), 257–58, 462–63, 550, 557, 647–48; Russo-Japanese War, 462, 647–48; tsars and royal family, 185, 230–31, 234, 257, 464, 540, 550

Rutter, Dick, 644

Sacramento Union: Brooks as correspondent, 538; Hornet episode, 128–29, 369, 502, 504–5; SLC’s Sandwich Islands letters, 128, 226, 501–2, 505, 536, 539, 652

Sage, Dean, 599

Sage, Henry W., 377–78, 599

Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 255, 284, 480, 548, 564

Sandwich Islands: Hornet episode, 127–44, 369, 501–6; SLC’s lecture, 226–27, 355, 369, 426, 507–8, 536–37, 652; SLC’s meeting with Burlingame, 128, 368–69, 502; SLC’s Sacramento Union letters, 128, 226, 501–2, 505, 536, 539, 652

Sandy (slave boy), 155–56, 212, 513, 531

San Francisco: earthquake, 631; SLC as correspondent for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, 652; SLC as local reporter for the San Francisco Morning Call, 226, 509, 536, 552, 568, 651–52; SLC’s residence, 295, 472, 507–9, 543, 552–53, 641, 652; writing of Innocents Abroad, 225. See also Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, journalism; Sandwich Islands, SLC’s lecture

San Francisco Alta California, 473, 532, 538, 563, 585; SLC as Washington, D.C., correspondent, 563, 508–9, 585; SLC’s Quaker City letters, 226–28, 472, 532, 536–38; SLC’s review of Dickens, 508– 9; SLC’s review of Nasby, 146, 507

San Francisco Chronicle, 516, 544

San Francisco Evening Mirror, 544, 568

San Francisco Evening Post, 643

San Francisco Examiner, 450–51, 576, 643

San Francisco Herald, 538

San Francisco Ledger, 538

San Francisco Morning Call: SLC as local reporter, 226, 509, 536, 552, 568, 651–52

Sanger, Frank W., 547

Schieffelin, William Jay, 304, 573

Scotland. See Edinburgh

Scott, Walter, 24, 228, 430, 581, 632

“Scraps from My Autobiography. From Chapter IV,” 17–18

“Scraps from My Autobiography. From Chapter IX,” 17, 18, 52, 54n102, 155– 63, 513–17, 670–72

“Scraps from My Autobiography. Private History of a Manuscript That Came to Grief,” 17, 164–80, 188, 518–20

Scribner’s Monthly, 369, 487, 596

Seaman, Louis L., 462–63, 648–49

Seckendorff, Count Goetz von, 204–5, 527

Sellers, Eschol, 207, 529

Servants: wages, 65. See also Bermingham, Ellen; Charlotte; Cord, Mary Ann; Elise; English Mary; Griffin, George; “A Group of Servants”; Hay, Rosina; Leary, Katy; McAleer, Patrick; O’Neil, John; White, Ellen; Wuthering Heights (servant)

Seward, Clarence A., 80, 81, 91, 486

Seward, William, 492

Shakespeare, William, 165–66, 196, 209, 523, 633; people compared to, 102, 172, 465; SLC’s editorial for birthday, 296, 569–70

Shaw, Henry Wheeler (Josh Billings), 148, 151, 508, 511

Sheppard, John Morris, 280, 562

Sheridan, Philip H., 67, 69, 472, 473

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 607

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 68, 382, 431, 473, 601

Sickles, Daniel Edgar, 287–91, 414, 565–66

Sikes, William Wirt, 152, 512

Silverman, Joseph, 423–24, 630

Slavery, 65, 203, 305, 611; abolitionists, 69, 147, 349, 414, 453, 474, 506, 507, 512– 13, 576, 588; Burns, 267, 556; Cord, 189, 521; cruelty witnessed by SLC, 158, 514, 627–28; Daniel (Uncle Dan’l), 211–12, 217, 531, 533; Douglass helped by Jervis Langdon, 578; Griffin, 269–70, 316, 335, 583; Hannah (Aunt), 211; Jenny, 471; Sandy, 155–56, 212, 513, 531; Uncle Remus tales (Joel Chandler Harris), 217, 532–33, 635; Washington on, 302–9, 572; woman who saves SLC from drowning, 401, 613

Slee, John D. F., 376–77, 578, 598

Smalley, George Washington, 434, 635

Smarr, Sam, 158, 514, 610

Smith, Edward M., 380, 600

Smith, H. Boardman, 373, 598

Smith, Roswell, 80, 92, 487, 489, 490

Smith, Sidney, 190, 522

Smith College, 396, 607

“Something about Doctors,” 188–91, 520–22

South Africa, 653

Spaulding, Clara L. (Mrs. John B. Stanchfield; Aunt Clara), 363, 379–81, 395, 593–94, 600

Spencer, Herbert, 434, 635

Spofford, Ainsworth Rand, 282, 563–64, 593

Springfield (Mass.) Republican, 94–95, 490–92, 509, 557

Stanchfield, Alice Spaulding (Mrs. Arthur M. Wright), 600

Stanchfield, John Barry, 586, 594

Stanchfield, John Barry, Jr., 600

Standard Oil Corporation, 422, 425, 660; Rogers as vice-president, 192–95, 425, 497, 522–24, 628, 653; lawsuits and investigations, 192–95, 257, 442, 549, 639

Stanford, Leland, 99, 493

Stanford, Leland, Jr., 99, 493

Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, 31

Stanley, Henry M., 433, 557, 634

Stebbins, Horatio, 358, 592

Stevens, Edmund C., 420, 627

Stevens, Thomas B., 627

Stevenson, Robert Louis: “Robert Louis Stevenson and Thomas Bailey Aldrich,” 22, 29n74, 32, 55, 228–30, 538–39, 670

Stewart, William M., 67, 472–73, 562, 652

St. Louis, Mo.: James Clemens branch of family, 205, 527; James Lampton family residence, 529, 642; McDowell College, 532, 640; Moffett family residence, 274, 561, 642, 654, 655; Orion Clemens trains as printer, 452, 455, 459, 644; SLC as cub pilot under Bixby, 461, 559, 566; SLC with Henry Clemens, 274, 276–77; SLC works as typesetter, 460, 646, 651; SLC’s 1867 visit and lecture, 227, 507, 634; SLC’s 1902 visit, 589, 612, 653

St. Louis Evening News, 460

St. Nicholas (periodical), 26, 542–43

Stoddard, Charles Warren, 150, 161–63, 516–17

Stoddard, Richard H., 556

Stoker, Dick, 553

Stormfield (Redding, Conn.), 531, 653–54, 657

Storrs, Emory, 474

Stout, Ira, 61–63, 454, 470

Stowe, Calvin Ellis, 439, 574

Stowe, Charles Edward, 310–11, 439, 574

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 310, 438–39, 574, 638

Stowe, Lyman Beecher, 439, 638

Streamer, Volney, 283–86, 564–65

Sullivan, Annie (Mrs. John Macy), 465–66, 531, 650

“Sunday Magazine,” 56

Swango family, 443

Swearing, 308, 398, 417, 439, 457–58, 622. See also Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, attitudes and habits, swearing

Swinton, John, 281, 562

Swinton, William, 281–82, 562–63

Switzerland, 12, 107, 581, 652–53

Taft, Cincinnatus A., 189, 521

Taft, William Howard, 280, 304, 562, 573–74, 615

Taylor, Virginia, 396, 607

Tax evasion, 304, 306–7, 421, 573

Tchaykoffsky. See Chaykovsky, Nikolai Vasilievich

Teller, Charlotte, 647

Tennessee, 376; Clemens children born in, 528, 655; early life of SLC’s parents, 11, 206, 528, 654–55; family land, 13, 57, 61–63, 206, 208–9, 469–71, 521, 530; Jamestown, 206, 451–52, 528, 529; Orion Clemens’s birth and childhood, 451–52

Tennessee, Grand Army of the. See “The Chicago G. A. R. Festival”

“The Tennessee Land,” 8, 30, 61–63, 469–71

Tesla, Nikola, 495

Thanksgiving Day, 267–68, 557

Thayer, Abbott Handerson, 392, 606

Thayer, Emeline (Emma) Beach, 606

Thomas, John S., 502, 504

Thompson, Samuel C., 9n24, 581

Thomson, Frank, 411, 620

Thurston’s Female Seminary, 655

Tichborne claimant trial, 161, 516–17

Ticknor, Benjamin H., 677

Ticknor and Fields, 498, 510, 535

Tilden, Samuel J., 528

Tillman, Benjamin Ryan, 292–93, 567

Tillman, James H., 292, 567

Tilton, Elizabeth and Theodore, 575

Toledo Blade, 146, 506

Tom Hood’s Annual, 162–63, 517

Toncray, Addison Ovando, 396–97, 608–9

Toncray, Alexander Campbell (Aleck), 399, 608–9

Tower, Charlemagne, 124, 500

A Tramp Abroad, 480, 584, 645, 652; contract for publishing, 371–72, 477, 597; prototypes for characters, 479, 515; publication, 653; public readings, 395, 601, 607; sources of content, 5, 532, 570–71, 581, 583, 649

Travelers Insurance Company, 318, 481, 577

“Travel-Scraps I,” 12, 107–17, 498–99

“Travel-Scraps II” manuscript, 17, 107

Treaty of Portsmouth, 648. See also Russia, Russo-Japanese War

Trent, Hilary. See Manley, R. M.

Tribolo, Niccolò, 540

Trollope, Anthony, 433, 634

Trumbull, Henry Clay, 308, 573

Trumbull, James Hammond, 272, 314, 555, 559–60

Tuskegee Educational Institute, 302–9, 546, 572–74

Twentieth Century Club, 267, 556, 574

Twichell, Joseph H., 310, 479, 378, 482, 577; advice for anxious suitor, 414–16; anecdote of hair restorer, 289; character, 414; Civil War service, 312, 287, 632; Cleveland-Blaine election, 310–12, 314, 318–20, 575, 577; Decoration Day prayer, 416–17, 622; Edinburgh adventure, 430, 632; encounter with profane ostler, 8; Hartford Club, 413, 621; Hartford Monday Evening Club, 270, 272; Kinsmen club, 499; Malone’s death, 286, 565; McAleer’s death, 322; reads Autobiographical Dictations, 27, 28, 32; story about Sickles, 287–91, 565–66; story about Croker’s father, 413–14, 622; support for Chinese students, 73, 478; Susy Clemens’s illness, 324; witnesses execution of Civil War deserters, 430–31, 632–33

Twichell, Joseph Hooker, 336, 583

Twichell, Julia Curtis. See Wood, Julia Curtis Twichell

Twichell, Julia Harmony Cushman (Mrs. Joseph Twichell), 430, 632

Tyrrell, Harrison, 90, 489

Uncle Remus tales, 217, 532–33

U.S. Sanitary Commission, 626

Ustick, Thomas Watt, 644

Utterback, Polly Rouse, 215, 532

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 442, 639

Vassar College, 379, 383, 394–96, 433, 546, 601, 607

Vedder, Elihu, 341, 585

Verey, Joseph, 636

Victoria (queen of England), 115–16, 126, 499, 501, 527

Vilas, William F., 68–69, rend="bold"473, 474

“Villa di Quarto,” 22–23, 29, 230–49, 539–42

Villa Viviani, 22, 244–49, 386, 542, 676

Vincent, John H., 151, 511

Virginia City Territorial Enterprise: ownership and staff, 544–45, 568–69; SLC as local reporter, 251–53, 294, 449, 535, 543, 552, 568, 641, 651–52; SLC as San Francisco correspondent, 652; SLC as substitute editor, 296–98, 569–70; SLC as Washington, D.C., correspondent, 562–63, 585; SLC’s “Josh” letters, 543, 651

Virginia City Union, 294, 296, 568, 570

Wadleigh, G. R., 517

Wadsworth, Charles, 592

Wagner, Richard, 125, 172, 288, 566

Wales, Theron A., 189–90, 521

Walker, John Brisben, 565, 643

Walker, William, 294–95, 568–69

Waller, Thomas M., 74, 75, 481

Ward, Artemus, 508, 515, 582

Ward, Ferdinand, 76–77, 82–84, 483–84, 485, 488

Ward, Henry S., 106, 498

Ward, J. Q. A., 87, 480, 488

Warner, Charles Dudley, 25, 327, 481, 499, 541, 555, 556; Cleveland-Blaine election, 317, 576, 577; as coauthor of The Gilded Age, 207, 339, 481, 585, 596, 652; Gerhardt’s statue of Nathan Hale, 74, 482; as speaker, 270–71, 602

Warner, Elisabeth Gillette (Mrs. George H. Warner), 580, 584

Warner, George H., 327, 335, 580

Warner, Margaret (Daisy), 327, 335, 336, 580

Warner, Olin L., 482

Warner, Susan (Mrs. Charles Dudley Warner), 346, 587

Washington, Booker T., 302–4, 308–9, 572

Washington, D.C.: SLC’s 1853 residence, 460, 646; SLC’s 1867–68 residence, 281–82, 472–73, 562–64, 585

Washington Post, 55

Watterson, Henry, 55

Webster, Charles L., 102, 372, 530, 643, 683; blamed for failure of Charles L. Webster and Company, 23, 455, 644; business arrangement with SLC, 79, 381, 486; negotiations for publication of Grant’s memoirs, 81, 91, 94, 489; opposition to partnership with Grant’s sons, 491–92. See also Charles L. Webster and Company

Webster, Noah, 462, 647

Webster Manufacturing Company, 497

Welch, Archibald Ashley, 413, 621

Wheeler, Harold, 342, 587

Whipple, Sherman L., 195–98, 523

White, Ellen, 322, 578

Whitford, Daniel, 23

Whitmore, Franklin Gray, 316, 496, 621; as SLC’s business agent, 105, 106, 431; spoon-shaped drive incident, 342–43, 587

Whitney, Henry M., 197, 523–24

Whittier, John Greenleaf, 150, 264, 510, 553; seventieth birthday dinner, 260–61, 264– 65, 553–56. See also Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, lectures and speeches, Whittier birthday dinner

Wilhelm II (emperor of Germany and king of Prussia), 192, 456, 534, 645

Wilhelmine, Princess, 527

Wilkes, Charles, 367, 595

Wilkes, Mary H. Lynch (Mrs. Charles Wilkes), 367, 595

Williams, Jonathan (“Stud”), 252–53, 544

Willing, John Thomson, 56

Wilson, Francis, 547, 637

Wilson, Mary. See Robards, Sarah H.

Winsor, Robert, 195, 197, 523

Winter, William, 264–65, 555

Wise, Henry Alexander, 349, 588

Wise, O. Jennings, 588

Wolf, Jim: “A Gallant Fireman,” 11, 515, 651; “Jim Wolf and the Tom-Cats,” 11, 159–63, 418, 515–17

Wolf, Karl Hermann, 299, 571

Wong. See Chin Lan Pin

Wood, Howard Ogden, 562

Wood, Julia Curtis Twichell (Mrs. Howard Ogden Wood), 277, 562

Wood, Leonard, 403–9, 615–16, 618, 619

Woodruff, Douglas, 517

Woods, Enoch S., 74, 481–82

Woo Tsze Tun, 479

Wordsworth, William, 475

Wright, Harrison K., 186

Wright, Howard E., 586–87

Wright, William H. (Dan De Quille), 251, 449, 543

Wuthering Heights (servant), 120–24, 500

Y.M.C.A. (West Side Branch), 409–12, 619–20

Young, John Russell, 71, 473, 477

“The Young Medusa” (painting), 341, 585

The Youth’s Companion (periodical), 512

Yung Wing, 72–73, 477–78, 479