My Debut as a Literary Person | The Writings of Mark Twain (beta)

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[begin page 127]

In August 1898, after several months of intensive work on his autobiography, Clemens decided to write up how he came to publish what he called his first magazine article, about the burning at sea of the clipper ship Hornet. At the end of August he told Henry Harper, “I want to write a magazine article of a reminiscent sort. The first magazine article I ever published appeared in Harper’s Monthly 31 years ago under the name of (by typographical error) MacSwain. Can you send it to me?” (30 Aug 1898, InU-Li). Harper must have sent him tear sheets of “Forty-Three Days in an Open Boat,” which had been published in the December 1866 issue of Harper’s several months before Clemens published his first book, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and Other Sketches. “Forty-Three Days” was not, of course, Mark Twain’s “first magazine article,” since he had already published dozens of articles in The Californian and in several East Coast journals. But it was the first nonfictional work he had published in so eminent a journal as Harper’s, and even though it was by no means humorous, it obviously followed upon his decision the previous year, in October 1865, to seriously pursue a literary career (19 and 20 Oct 1865 to OC and MEC, L1 , 322–25).

The lengthy manuscript that Clemens wrote in October 1898 is now in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale. His Vienna typist, Marion von Kendler, made a typescript of it (now lost), which Clemens revised and eventually published in the November 1899 issue of the Century Magazine (SLC 1899d). The Century publication made no mention of the autobiography, but the original manuscript shows that Clemens initially regarded the article as part of that work: “This is Chapter XIV of my unfinished Autobiography and the way it is getting along it promises to remain an unfinished one.” Before the manuscript was typed he revised “unfinished” to “unpublished” and deleted the words following “Autobiography.” In February 1899, when he submitted the revised typescript to Century editor Richard Watson Gilder, he claimed he had “abandoned my Autobiography, & am not going to finish it; but I took a reminiscent chapter out of it & had it type-written, thinking it would make a readable magazine article” (25 Feb 1899, CtY-BR). The article, which Clemens subsequently revised again at the request of one of the Hornet passengers, was collected in The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and Other Stories and Essays (1900) and My Début as a Literary Person with Other Essays and Stories (1903). The text that follows here is a critical reconstruction, based on the manuscript and revised as Clemens published it in the Century, not as it was reprinted in 1900 and 1903.

In 1906 Clemens considered including the piece in his Autobiographical Dictation of 20 February, noting in pencil on the typescript, “Insert, here my account of the ‘Hornet’ disaster, published in the ‘Century’ about 1898 as being a chapter from my Autobiography.” For several reasons, that instruction cannot be carried out. But it shows that the piece was among those Clemens considered including in the final form of his autobiography, and it is therefore included in this section of preliminary drafts. Neither Paine nor Neider published this text.

My Debut as a Literary Person ❉ Textual Commentary

Source documents.

H      “Forty-three Days in an Open Boat,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 34 (December 1866), 104–13.
MS      Manuscript of 64 leaves, dated 1 October 1898, CtY-BR. Clemens quoted from H, sometimes transcribing it (MS copy of H), sometimes by pasting in clippings from actual tear sheets (H clipping), sometimes marking the clipping (H clipping-SLC).
TS (lost)      Typescript made from the MS in Vienna (October–November 1898) and revised; now lost. This edition aims at reconstructing the text at that stage of its development.
Cent      “My Début as a Literary Person,” Century Magazine 59 (November 1899), 76–88, typeset from the revised TS.
Hadley- | burg      “My Début as a Literary Person,” The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and Other Stories and Essays (SLC 1900b), 84–127. Reprints Cent revised at the request of Henry Ferguson.
Début      “My Début as a Literary Person,” My Début as a Literary Person with Other Essays and Stories, volume 23 in The Writings of Mark Twain (SLC 1903a), 11–47. Reprints Cent revised at the request of Henry Ferguson.

In 1866, before writing the manuscript that would be used to typeset H, Clemens had access to the personal journals (still extant) kept by two passengers and the captain of the Hornet during their open-boat ordeal: see Samuel Ferguson 1866, Henry Ferguson 1866, and Mitchell 1866. During Clemens’s return from Hawaii to San Francisco in July 1866 (much prolonged when his ship was becalmed), he made copies of these journals, which he then quoted from in writing H. Although both the copies he made and the manuscript in which he quoted from them are lost, sample comparison of the journals with passages quoted in H shows that Clemens did not attempt a verbatim or literatim transcription. And despite his claim to have quoted the journals exactly, he frequently abridged, reworded, or expanded passages from them, and he more or less freely regularized and normalized their spelling and capitalization. The typesetters of H must in their turn have altered such details in his manuscript to conform to their own house style.

In writing the MS in 1898 Clemens reused many of the journal quotations as they had been printed in H, either by pasting in clippings from tear sheets of it (occasionally altering them with the pen), or by copying them out when they were on the opposite side of a clipping about to be pasted in. When copying out he again freely edited the quotations, adding his own paraphrases and interpolations. Although most of the quotations were to be set as extracts, he also copied short phrases from H and incorporated them into his narrative. Variants in the journal passages in MS copy of H are judged to be deliberate and are adopted, except where they are manifestly defective.

The MS was written in gray ink on cream-colored wove paper, measuring 5½ by 8 7/8 inches. Clemens dated it 1 October 1898. Marion von Kendler typed the MS in Vienna in October or November 1898, and after Clemens revised the typescript he sent it to Henry H. Rogers. Rogers later forwarded it to the Century, which typeset “My Début as a Literary Person” from it, published in its November 1899 issue. Although von Kendler’s typescript is now lost, collation of the MS against Cent shows some dozens of verbal variants and many more differences in the accidentals (punctuation, spelling, etc.), which must have been introduced either by von Kendler, the Century editors and typesetters, or Clemens himself.

Since Clemens did not read proof for the Century, differences between MS and Cent that are authorial must have been made on the now-missing TS: for instance, the substitution of ‘nearly as good as new’ for ‘nearly as strong and hearty as ever’ (129.17); ‘latitudes were’ for ‘weather was’ (129.29); the nautical verb ‘stove’ for the colorless ‘made’ (130.3); the shortening of ‘We are still in a good place to be picked up, but seem to make little or nothing on our course toward the isles’ to ‘We are making but little headway on our course’ (132.33–34). Not all changes in wording were, however, by Clemens: the change from ‘Harper’s Monthly’ to ‘the most important one in New York’ (128.5) and the related change of ‘Harper’s printers’ to ‘Eastern printers’ (128.12) are very likely the result of the Century’s not wanting to name a rival magazine. It was probably also the editors (or the typist) who normalized such things as ‘18° to 19°’ to ‘18° or 19°’ (131.18), and ‘situation and the circumstances’ to ‘situation and circumstances’ (137.10). Compositorial simplification is also evident in ‘This was also just and right’ altered to ‘This was also just right’ (134.35), or the substitution of ‘of’ for ‘for’ in ‘As a subject for talk’ (134.17–18).The Century was likewise responsible for the imposition of house styling—numerous changes in punctuation and spelling that Clemens would never have made on any typescript, let alone one created for him soon after he completed his manuscript. All changes between MS and Cent deemed, on various grounds, to have been made by the typist or the Century editors lack Clemens’s authority and are rejected. All changes here attributed to Clemens’s revisions and corrections on the missing typescript are adopted since they are judged to be his literary improvements, not changes made specifically for magazine publication. The controlling purpose is to reconstruct the text as he left it on the typescript of 1898, since that was the latest stage of composition still regarded as a chapter of his autobiography, and that he may have considered for inclusion in 1906. (It was presumably at that time that he deleted the title and inserted ‘Chapter of Autobiography written in 1898’.) Two later reprints in 1900 and 1903, which he censored at the behest of Henry Ferguson, are discussed below.

All variants between MS and Cent, as well as variants in the quotations from journals (whether tagged as H clipping or MS copy of H), are recorded here. Because Clemens was obliged to alternate between copying out the quotations from the journals and simply pasting in the clippings from H, he introduced considerable variation in the formal presentation of these quotations. Since he cannot have intended to create this sort of pointless inconsistency, and since the clarity of his text (constantly quoting from different sources) tends to be compromised by it, such formal details as the font of dates, the use of brackets (or not) around quotations, have been made uniform in the style of known authorial usage, as chiefly indicated in the quotations Clemens copied out. And because Clemens was not attempting anything like a literal transcription of the journals, the spelling in them has been made uniform with his known practice (‘everything’ rather than ‘every thing’, ‘meantime’ rather than ‘mean time’). All editorial changes for this purpose are likewise reported in the list of variants, with the sole exception of contractions spelled with a space in the Century (‘is n’t’), which are always silently altered to conform to the author’s invariable practice (‘isn’t’).

The following list identifies which journal quotations printed as extracts were clipped from the 1866 Harper’s and pasted into the MS. In the margin next to each Clemens wrote ‘small type’, indicating that they were to be treated as extracts. (Only one Harper’s clipping of his own words was pasted into the MS, and it was marked ‘NOT small type’: ‘Each . . . once.’ at 130.21–28.) Clemens made six holograph changes on the clippings he used: one deletion, two inserted footnotes, two added underscores, and the correction of one typographical error.

‘May 2 . . . overboard.’ (130.35–131.2)

‘May 4 . . . can.’ (131.16–21)

‘Henry . . . before.’ (133.15–18)

‘May 12 . . . had.’ (133.26–34)

‘May 22 . . . separation.’ (135.33–136.5)

‘May 23 . . . issue!’ (136.12–17)

‘Sunday . . . us—that’ (136.32–38)

‘God’s . . . Log.’ (138.32–139.1)

‘Two . . . Log.’ (139.5–41)

‘Note . . . picked up.’ (140.7–141.5)

‘June 8 . . . however.’ (141.8–38)

‘henry . . . hunger are’ (142.3–21)

For the following passages, Clemens copied out the quotations as published in H and likewise marked them for ‘small type’. Variants introduced by Clemens in this way are deemed intentional and adopted.

‘Passed . . . Log.’ (134.40–41)

‘is, . . . distress.’ (136.38–137.5)

‘Two . . . Log.’ (137.29–30)

‘The captain . . . them.’ (138.20–21)

‘The two . . . Log.’ (138.25–27)

‘June 1 . . . management—with’ (138.30–32)

‘June 2 . . . Hornet.’ (139.3–4)

‘awful . . . again. . . . .’ (142.21–143.3)

The MS is likewise the source of all the briefer quotations of diary material copied from the Harper’s article that Clemens integrated into his text—i.e., which he did not mark for smaller type. These quotations are too numerous to list separately (the first is ‘Kept . . . off.’ at 132.5), but the changes that he made when copying (barring only punctuation changes required to incorporate the quotations) are also reported and adopted.

Clemens did further revise the text of Cent before reprinting it in The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and Other Stories and Essays (SLC 1900b, 84–127), but he did so only at the behest of Henry Ferguson (see the Explanatory Note at 129.20–22). Three years later he reprinted the text a second time, also from Cent, in My Début as a Literary Person with Other Essays and Stories, volume 23 in The Writings of Mark Twain (SLC 1903a, 11–47). For that reprinting Clemens once again incorporated the revisions he had made for the earlier book. All substantive variants in the later texts (labeled “Hadleyburg” and “Début”) are reported in the following list (not the main record of variants), but none has been adopted as uncoerced literary improvements.

129.20      gentlemen (MS, Cent, Début) • men (Hadleyburg)
129.22–25      college, and . . . for him. (MS, Cent) • college. The elder brother had had some trouble with his lungs, which induced his physician to prescribe a long sea-voyage for him. This terrible disaster, however, developed the disease which later ended fatally. The younger brother is still living, and is fifty years old this year (1898). (Hadleyburg); college. The elder brother . . . sea-voyage. This terrible . . . (1898). (Début)
134.34      just and right (MS, Hadleyburg, Début) • just right (Cent)
140.2–3      deepen. There is talk of murder. And not only that, but worse than that—cannibalism. (MS, Cent) • deepen, and though they escaped actual mutiny, the attitude of the men became alarming. (Hadleyburg, Début)
140.5      would (MS, Cent, Début) • might (Hadleyburg)
140.6      have become maniacs (MS, Cent) • were becoming crazed (Hadleyburg, Début)
140.9      Harry, Jack, and Fred especially. (H clipping, Cent) • [not in] (Hadleyburg, Début)
140.12      Jack (H clipping, Cent) • * * * * (Hadleyburg, Début)
140.13      Jack (H clipping, Cent) • * * * * (Hadleyburg, Début)
140.14      Harry (H clipping, Cent) • * * * * * (Hadleyburg, Début)
140.16      Charley (H clipping, Cent) • * * * * * (Hadleyburg, Début)
140.16      Thomas (H clipping, Cent) • * * * * * (Hadleyburg, Début)
140.17      Peter— (H clipping) • Peter; (Cent); * * * * *; (Hadleyburg, Début)
140.17      Charley (H clipping, Cent) • * * * * * (Hadleyburg, Début)
144.20      doubtless doomed him when he left it (MS, Cent) • had been seriously aggravated by his hardships (Hadleyburg, Début)
144.24–25      wanted to smooth . . . out of it (MS, Cent) • allowed me to copy them exactly as they were written, and the extracts that I have given are without any smoothing over or revision (Hadleyburg, Début)

My Debut as a Literary Person*

By Mark Twain (formerly “Mike Swain.”)Ⓐapparatus note

October 1, 1898.Ⓐapparatus note In those early daysⒶapparatus note I had already published one little thingⒶapparatus note 1866 Ⓐapparatus note (“The Jumping Frog,”Ⓐapparatus note) in an easternⒶapparatus note paperⒺexplanatory note, but I did not consider that that counted. In my view, aⒶapparatus note person who

*This is Chapter XIV of my unpublished Autobiography. [begin page 128] published things in a mere newspaper could not properly claim recognition as a LiteraryⒶ Person;Ⓐ he must rise away above that; he must appear in a MagazineⒶ. He would then be a Literary Person; alsoⒶ he would be famous—right away. These two ambitions were strong upon me. This was in 1866. I prepared my contribution, and then looked around for the best magazine to go up to glory in. I selected Harper’s MonthlyⒶ Ⓔ. The contribution was accepted. I signed it “Mark Twain,”Ⓐ for that name had some currency on the Pacific CoastⒶ, and it was my idea to spread it all over the world, now, at this one jump. The article appeared in the December number, and I sat up a month waiting for the January number—for that one would contain the year’s list of contributors, my name would be in it, and I should be famous and could give the banquet I was meditating.

I did not give the banquet. I had not written the “Mark TwainⒶapparatus note” distinctly; it was a fresh nameⒶapparatus note to Harper’sⒶapparatus note printers, and they put it Mike Swain or MacSwain Ⓔexplanatory note,Ⓐapparatus note I do not remember which. At any rateⒶapparatus note I was not celebrated, and I did not give the banquet. I was a Literary Person, but that was all—a buried one; buried alive.

MyⒶapparatus note article was about the burningⒶapparatus note of the clipper ship HornetⒶapparatus note on the line, May 3dⒶapparatus note, 1866Ⓔexplanatory note. There were thirty-oneⒶapparatus note men on board at the time, and I was in Honolulu when the fifteen lean and ghostlyⒶapparatus note survivors arrived there after a voyage of forty-threeⒶapparatus note days in an open boatⒶapparatus note through the blazing tropicsⒶapparatus note on ten days’ rations of food. A very remarkable trip; but it was conducted by a captainⒶapparatus note who was aⒶapparatus note remarkable man, otherwise there would have been no survivors. He was a New EnglanderⒶapparatus note of the best sea-going stockⒺexplanatory note of the old capable times—Captain Josiah MitchellⒶapparatus note.

I was in the IslandsⒶapparatus note to write lettersⒶapparatus note for the weekly edition of the Sacramento Union,Ⓐapparatus note a rich and influentialⒶapparatus note daily journal which hadn’t any use for them, butⒶapparatus note could afford to spend twenty dollars a week for nothing. The proprietors were lovable and well-belovedⒶapparatus note menⒺexplanatory note;Ⓐapparatus note long ago dead, no doubt, but in me there is at least one person who still holds them in grateful remembranceⒶapparatus note; for I dearly wanted to see the IslandsⒶapparatus note, and they listened to me and gave me the opportunity when there was but slender likelihood that it could profit them in any way.

I had been in the IslandsⒶapparatus note several months when the survivors arrived. I was laid up in my roomⒺexplanatory note at the time, and unable to walk. Here was a great occasion to serve my journal, and I not able to take advantage of it. Necessarily I was in deepⒶapparatus note trouble. But by good luck his ExcellencyⒶapparatus note Anson Burlingame was there at the time, on his way to take up his post inⒶapparatus note ChinaⒶapparatus note where he did such good work for the United StatesⒺexplanatory note. He came and put me onⒶapparatus note a stretcher and had me carried to the hospital where the shipwreckedⒶapparatus note men were, and I never needed to ask a question. He attended to all of that himself, and I had nothing to do but make the notes. It was like him to take that trouble. He was a great man,Ⓐapparatus note and a great American;Ⓐapparatus note and itⒶapparatus note was in his fine nature to come down from his high office and do a friendly turn whenever he could.

We got through with this work at sixⒶapparatus note in the evening. I took no dinner, for there was no time to spare if I would beat the other correspondents. I spent four hours arranging the notes in their proper order, then wrote all night and beyond it; with this result:Ⓐapparatus note that I had a very longⒶapparatus note and detailed account of the Hornet episode ready at nine in the morning, while the correspondents of the San Francisco journals had nothing but a brief outline report—for they didn’t sit up. The now-and-then schooner was to sail for San Francisco about nine; when I reached the [begin page 129] dock she was free forward and was just casting off her stern-line. My fat envelop was thrown by a strong hand, and fell on board all right, and my victory was a safe thing. All in due time the ship reached San Francisco, but it was my complete report which made the stir and was telegraphed to the New York papers. ByⒶapparatus note Mr. CashⒺexplanatory note; he was in charge of the Pacific bureau of the New York HeraldⒶapparatus note at the time.

When I returned to California by and by, I went up to Sacramento and presented a bill for general correspondence,Ⓐapparatus note at twenty dollarsⒶapparatus note a week. It was paid. Then I presented a bill for “special” service on the HornetⒶapparatus note matter forⒶapparatus note three columns of solid nonpareilⒶapparatus note at a hundred dollars a column. The cashier didn’t faint, but he came rather near it. He sent for the proprietors, and they came and never uttered a protest. They only laughed,Ⓐapparatus note in their jolly fashion, and said it was robbery, but no matter,Ⓐapparatus note it was a grand “scoop” (the bill or my Hornet reportⒶapparatus note I didn’t know which); “pay it; it’s all right.”Ⓐapparatus note The best men that ever owned a newspaper.

The HornetⒶapparatus note survivors reached the Sandwich Islands the 15thⒶapparatus note of June. They were mere skinny skeletons; their clothes hung limp about them and fitted them no better than a flag fits the flagstaff in a calm. But they were well nursed in the hospital; the people of Honolulu kept them supplied with all the dainties they could need; they gathered strength fast, and were presently nearly as good as new.Ⓐapparatus note Within a fortnight the most of them tookⒶapparatus note ship for San Francisco. That is, if my dates have not gone astray in my memory.Ⓐapparatus note I went in the same shipⒺexplanatory note, a sailing vesselⒶapparatus note. Captain MitchellⒶapparatus note of the HornetⒶapparatus note was along; also the only passengers the HornetⒶapparatus note had carried. These were two young gentlemen from Stamford, Connecticut—brothers: Samuel Ferguson, aged twenty-eightⒶapparatus note, a graduate of Trinity College, Hartford, and Henry Ferguson, aged eighteenⒶapparatus note, a student of the same college, and nowⒶapparatus note at this present writing a professor thereⒺexplanatory note, a post which he has held for many years. He is fifty years old, this year—1898Ⓐapparatus note. Samuel had been wasting away with consumption for some years, and theⒶapparatus note long voyage around the Horn had been advised as offering a lastⒶapparatus note hope for him. The HornetⒶapparatus note was a clipper of the first class and a fast sailerⒶapparatus note; the young men’s quarters were roomy and comfortable, and were well stocked with books, and alsoⒶapparatus note with canned meats and fruits to help out the ship fareⒶapparatus note with; and when the ship cleared from New York harbor in the first week of January there was promise that she would make quick and pleasant work of the fourteen or fifteen thousandⒶapparatus note miles in front of her. As soon as the cold latitudes wereⒶapparatus note left behind and the vessel entered summer weather, theⒶapparatus note voyage became a holiday picnic. The ship flew southward under a cloud of sail which needed no attention, no modifying or change of any kindⒶapparatus note for days together; theⒶapparatus note young men read, strolled the ample deck, rested and drowsed in the shadeⒶapparatus note of the canvas, took their meals with the captain; and when the day was done they played dummy whist with him till bedtimeⒶapparatus note. After the snow and ice and tempests of the HornⒶapparatus note the ship bowled northward into summer weather againⒶapparatus note and the trip was a picnic once more.

Until the early morning of the 3dⒶapparatus note of May. Computed position of the ship,Ⓐapparatus note 112° 10′ west longitude; latitude, two degreesⒶapparatus note above the equator; no wind, no sea—dead calm;Ⓐapparatus note temperature of the atmosphere, tropical, blistering, unimaginable by one who has not been roasted in it. There was a cry of fire. An unfaithful sailor had disobeyed the rules and gone into the booby-hatch with an open light, to draw some varnish from a cask. The proper result followed, and theⒶapparatus note vessel’s hours were numberedⒺexplanatory note.

There was not much time to spare, but the captain made the most of it. The three boats [begin page 130] were launched—long-boat and two quarter-boatsⒶapparatus note. That the time was very short and the hurry and excitement considerable is indicated by the fact that in launching the boats a hole was stoveⒶapparatus note in the side of one of them by some sort of a collisionⒶapparatus note, and an oar driven through the side of another. The captain’s first care was to have four sick sailors brought upⒶapparatus note and placed on deck out of harm’s way—among them a “PortygheeⒺexplanatory note.”Ⓐapparatus note This man had not done a day’s work on the voyage, but had lain in his hammock four months nursing an abscess. When we were taking notes in the Honolulu hospital andⒶapparatus note a sailor told this to Mr. Burlingame, the thirdⒶapparatus note mate, who was lying near, raised his head with an effort, and in a weak voice made this correction—with solemnity and feeling—Ⓐapparatus note

“Raising abscesses; heⒶapparatus note had a family of them. He done it to keep from standing his watch.”

Any provisions that lay handy were gathered up by the men and the two passengers andⒶapparatus note brought and dumped on the deck where the “Portyghee” lay,Ⓐapparatus note then they ran for more. The sailor who was telling this to Mr. Burlingame,Ⓐapparatus note added—Ⓐapparatus note

“We pulled together thirty-twoⒶapparatus note days’ rations for the thirty-oneⒶapparatus note men that way.”

The thirdⒶapparatus note mate lifted his head again and made another correction—with bitterness:

“The Portyghee et twenty-two of them while he was soldieringⒶapparatus note Ⓔexplanatory note there and nobody noticing.Ⓐapparatus note A damned hound.”

The fire spread with great rapidity. The smoke and flame drove the men back, and they had to stop their incomplete work of fetching provisions, and take to the boats,Ⓐapparatus note with only ten days’ rations secured.

Each boat had a compass, a quadrant, a copy of Bowditch’s Navigator,Ⓐapparatus note and a Nautical AlmanacⒶapparatus note Ⓔexplanatory note, and the captain’sⒶapparatus note and chief mate’s boats had chronometers. There were thirty-oneⒶapparatus note men,Ⓐapparatus note all told. The captainⒶapparatus note took an account of stock, with the following result: four hams, nearly thirty pounds of salt pork, half-box of raisins, one hundred pounds of bread, twelve two-pound cans of oysters, clams, and assorted meats, a keg containing four pounds of butter, twelve gallons of water in a forty-gallon “scuttle-butt,”Ⓔexplanatory note four one-gallon demijohns full of water, three bottles of brandy (the property of passengers), some pipes, matches, and a hundred pounds of tobacco. No medicines. Of course the whole party had to go on short rations at once.

The captain and the two passengers kept diaries; onⒶapparatus note our voyage to San Francisco we ran into a calm in the middle of the PacificⒶapparatus note and did not move a rod during fourteen days; this gave me a chance to copy the diariesⒺexplanatory note. Samuel Ferguson’s is the fullest; I will draw upon it,Ⓐapparatus note now. When the following paragraph was written the ship was about one hundred and twenty days out from port, andⒶapparatus note all hands were putting in the lazy time about as usual, andⒶapparatus note no one was forecasting disaster:Ⓐapparatus note

May 2.Ⓐapparatus note Latitude 1° 28′ N.;Ⓐapparatus note longitude 111° 38′ W. Another hot and sluggish day; at one time, however, the clouds promised wind, and there came a slight breeze—just enough to keep us going. The only thing to chronicle to-day is the quantities of fish about:Ⓐapparatus note nine bonitasⒶapparatus note were caught this forenoon, and some large albicoresⒶapparatus note seen. After dinner the first mate hooked a fellow which he could not hold, so he let the line go to the captainⒶapparatus note, who was on the bow. He, holding on, brought the fish to with a jerk, and snap went the line, hook and all. We also saw astern, swimming lazily after us, an enormous shark, which must have been nine or ten feet long. We tried him with all sorts of lines and a piece of [begin page 131] pork, but he declined to take hold. I suppose he had appeased his appetite on the heads and other remains of the bonitasⒶapparatus note we had thrown overboard.

Next day’s entry records the disaster. The three boats got away, retired to a short distance, and stopped. The two injured ones were leaking badly; some of the men were kept busy bailing, others patched the holes as well as they could. The captain, the two passengersⒶapparatus note and eleven men were in the long-boat, with a share of the provisions and water, and with no room to spare, for the boat was only twenty-oneⒶapparatus note feet long, sixⒶapparatus note wide and threeⒶapparatus note deep. The chief mate and eight men were in one of the smallerⒶapparatus note boats,Ⓐapparatus note the second mate and seven men in the other. The passengers had saved no clothing but what they had on, excepting their overcoats. The ship, clothed in flame and sending up a vast column of black smoke into the sky, made a grand picture in the solitudes of the sea, and hour after hour the outcasts sat and watched it. Meantime the captain ciphered on the immensity of the distance that stretched between him and the nearest available land, and then scaled the rations down to meet the emergency: half a biscuit for breakfast; one biscuit and some canned meat for dinner; half a biscuit for tea; a few swallows of water for each meal. And so hunger began to gnaw while the ship was still burning.

May 4.Ⓐapparatus note The ship burned all night very brightly;Ⓐapparatus note and hopes are that some ship has seen the light,Ⓐapparatus note and is bearing down upon us. None seen, however, this forenoon;Ⓐapparatus note so we have determined to go together north and a little west to some islands in 18° toⒶapparatus note 19° N. latitude,Ⓐapparatus note and 114° to 115° W.Ⓐapparatus note longitude, hoping in the meantimeⒶapparatus note to be picked up by some ship. The ship sank suddenly at about 5 a.m. We find the sun very hot and scorching;Ⓐapparatus note but all try to keep out of it as much as we can.

They did a quite natural thing, now;Ⓐapparatus note waited several hours for that possible ship that might have seen the light to work her slow way to them through the nearlyⒶapparatus note dead calm. Then they gave it up and set about their plans. If you will look at the map you will say that their course could be easily decided. Albemarle islandⒶapparatus note (Galapagos groupⒶapparatus note) lies straight eastward,Ⓐapparatus note nearlyⒶapparatus note a thousandⒶapparatus note miles; the islands referred to in the diary indefinitely as “some islands”Ⓐapparatus note (Revillagigedo islandsⒺexplanatory note,Ⓐapparatus note) lie, as they think,Ⓐapparatus note in some widely uncertain region northward about one thousandⒶapparatus note miles and westward one hundred or one hundred and fiftyⒶapparatus note miles;Ⓐapparatus note AcapulcoⒶapparatus note on the Mexican coastⒶapparatus note lies about northeast something short of one thousandⒶapparatus note miles. You will say,Ⓐapparatus note random rocks in the ocean are not what is wanted; let them strike for Acapulco and the solid continent. That does look like the rational course, but one presently guessesⒶapparatus note from the diaries that the thing would have been wholly irrational—indeed, suicidal. If the boats struck for Albemarle,Ⓐapparatus note they would be in the “doldrums”Ⓐapparatus note all the way—Ⓐapparatus noteand that means a watery perdition, with winds which are wholly crazy, and blow from all points of the compass at once and also perpendicularly. If the boats tried for Acapulco they would get out of the “doldrums”Ⓐapparatus note when half way there—Ⓐapparatus notein case they ever got half way—Ⓐapparatus noteand then they would be in lamentable case, for there they would meet the northeastⒶapparatus note trades coming down in their teeth;Ⓐapparatus note and these boats were so rigged that they could not sail within eight points of the wind. So they wisely started northward, with a slight slant to the west. They had but tenⒶapparatus note days’ short allowance of food; the long-boat was towing the others; they could not depend on making any sort of definite progress in the doldrums, and [begin page 132] they had four or five hundred miles of doldrums in front of them,Ⓐapparatus note yet. They are the real equator, a tossing, roaring, rainy beltⒶapparatus note ten or twelve hundred miles broadⒶapparatus note which girdles the globe.

It rained hard the first nightⒶapparatus note and all got drenched, but they filled up their water-butt. The brothers were in the stern with the captain, who steered. The quarters were cramped; no one got much sleep. “Kept on our course till squalls headed us off.Ⓐapparatus note”

Stormy and squally the next morning, with drenching rains. A heavy and dangerous “cobblingⒺexplanatory note” sea. One marvels how such boats could live in it. It is called a feat of desperate daring when one man and a dog cross the Atlantic in a boat the size of aⒶapparatus note long-boat, and indeed it is; but this long-boat was overloaded with men and other plunder, and was only three feet deep. “We naturally thought often of all at home, and were glad to remember that it was Sacrament Sunday, and that prayers would go up from our friends for us, although they know not our peril.”

The captain got not even a cat-napⒶapparatus note during the first threeⒶapparatus note days and nights, but he got a few winks of sleep the fourth night. “The worst sea yet.” About ten at night the captain changed his course and headed east-northeastⒶapparatus note, hoping to make “Clipperton RockⒺexplanatory note.”Ⓐapparatus note If he failed, no matter,Ⓐapparatus note he would be in a better position to make those other islands. I will mention, here,Ⓐapparatus note that he did not find that RockⒶapparatus note.

On the 8thⒶapparatus note of May no wind all day—Ⓐapparatus notesun blistering hot. TheyⒶapparatus note take to the oars. Plenty of dolphins, but they couldn’t catch any. “I think we are all beginning to realize more and moreⒶapparatus note the awful situation we are in.” “It often takes a ship a week to get through the doldrums—Ⓐapparatus notehow much longer, then, such a craft as ours.” “We are so crowded that we cannot stretch ourselves out for a good sleep, but have to take itⒶapparatus note any way we can get it.”

Of course this feature will grow more and more trying, but it will be human nature to cease to set it down; there will be five weeks of it,Ⓐapparatus note yet—we must try to remember that for the diarist,Ⓐapparatus note it will make our beds the softer.

The 9th of May theⒶapparatus note sun gives him a warning:Ⓐapparatus note “lookingⒶapparatus note with both eyes,Ⓐapparatus note the horizon crossed thus xⒶapparatus note.”Ⓔexplanatory note “Henry keeps well, but broods over our troubles more than I wish he did.” They caught two dolphins—Ⓐapparatus notethey tasted well. “The captainⒶapparatus note believed the compass out of the way, but the long-invisible North StarⒶapparatus note came out—a welcome sight—and indorsed the compass.”

May 10, latitudeⒶapparatus note 7° 0′ 3″ N.;Ⓐapparatus note longitude 111° 32′ W.Ⓐapparatus note So they have made about three hundredⒶapparatus note miles of northing in the six days since they left the region of the lost ship. “Drifting in calms all day.” And baking hot, of course; I have been down there, and I remember that detail. “Even as the captainⒶapparatus note says, all romance has long since vanished, and I think the mostⒶapparatus note of us are beginning to look the fact of our awful situation full in the face.” “We are making but little headway on our courseⒶapparatus note.” Bad news from the rearmost boat;Ⓐapparatus note the men are improvident; “they have eaten up all ofⒶapparatus note the canned meats brought from the ship, and are nowⒶapparatus note growing discontented.” Not so with the chief mate’s people—they are evidentlyⒶapparatus note under the eye ofⒶapparatus note a man.Ⓐapparatus note

Under date of May 11: “Standing still! orⒶapparatus note worse; we lost more last night than we made yesterday.” In fact, they have lost threeⒶapparatus note miles of the three hundredⒶapparatus note of northing they had so laboriouslyⒶapparatus note made. “The cock that was rescued and pitched into the boat while the ship was on fire still lives, and crows with the breaking of dawn, cheering us a good deal.” What has he been living on for a week? Did the starving men feed him from their dire poverty? “The second mate’s boat out of water againⒶapparatus note, showing that they overdrink their allowance. The [begin page 133] captainⒶapparatus note spoke pretty sharply to them.” It is true;Ⓐapparatus note I have the remark in my old note-bookⒺexplanatory note; I got it of the thirdⒶapparatus note mate, in the hospital at HonoluluⒺexplanatory note.Ⓐapparatus note But there is not room for it here, and it is too combustible, anyway. Besides, the third mateⒶapparatus note admired it, and what he admired he was likely to enhance.

They were still watching hopefully for ships. The captain was a thoughtful man, and probably did not disclose to them that that was substantiallyⒶapparatus note a waste of time. “In this latitude the horizon is filled with little upright clouds that look very much like ships.” Mr. Ferguson saved three bottles of brandy from his private stores when he left the ship, and the liquor came good in these days. “The captainⒶapparatus note serves out two tablespoonsful of brandy and water—half and half—to our crew.” He means the watch that is on duty; they stood regular watches—four hours on and four off. The chief mate was an excellent officer,Ⓐapparatus note—a self-possessed, resolute, fineⒶapparatus note all-around manⒺexplanatory note. The diarist makes the following note—there is character in it: “I offered one bottle of the brandyⒶapparatus note to the chief mate, but he declined, saying he could keep the after-boatⒶapparatus note quiet, and we had not enough for all.”

Henry Ferguson’s diary to date, given in full:—Ⓐapparatus note May 4, 5, 6. Doldrums. May 7, 8, 9. Doldrums. May 10, 11, 12. Doldrums:—Ⓐapparatus noteTells it all. Never saw, never felt, never heard, never experienced such heat, such darkness, such lightning and thunder, and wind and rain, in my life before.Ⓐapparatus note

That boy’s diary is of the economical sort that a person might properly be expected to keep in such circumstances—and be forgiven for the economy, too.Ⓐapparatus note His brother, perishing of consumption, hunger, thirst, blazing heat, drowning rains, loss of sleep, lack of exercise, was persistently faithful and circumstantial with his diary from the first day to the last—an instance of noteworthyⒶapparatus note fidelity and resolution. In spite of the tossing and plunging boat he wrote it close and fine in a handⒶapparatus note as easy to read as print.

TheyⒶapparatus note can’t seem to get north of 7° N. TheyⒶapparatus note are still there the next day:

May 12.Ⓐapparatus note A good rain last nightⒶapparatus note and we caught a good deal, though not enough to fill up our tank, pails, etc. Our object is to get out of these doldrumsⒶapparatus note, but it seems as if we cannotⒶapparatus note do it. To-day we have had it very variable, and hope we are on the northern edge, though we are not much above 7°. This morning we all thought we had made out a sail; but it was one of those deceiving clouds. Rained a good deal to-day, making all hands wet and uncomfortable; we filled up pretty nearly all our water-pots, however. I hope we may have a fine night, for the captainⒶapparatus note certainly wants rest, and while there is any danger of squalls, or danger of any kind, he is always on hand. I never would have believed that open boats such as ours, with their loads, could live in some of the seas we have had.

During the night, 12–13th,Ⓐapparatus note “the cry of A ship!Ⓐapparatus note brought us to our feet.” It seemed to be the glimmer of a vessel’s signal lanternⒶapparatus note rising out of the curve of the sea. There was a season of breathless hope while they stood watching, with their hands shading their eyes, and their hearts in their throats—Ⓐapparatus notethen the promise failed;Ⓐapparatus note the light was a rising star. ItⒶapparatus note is a long time ago—Ⓐapparatus notethirty-two years—Ⓐapparatus noteand itⒶapparatus note doesn’t matter now, yet one is sorry for their disappointment. “Thought often of those at home to-day, and of the disappointment they will feel next Sunday [begin page 134] at not hearing from us by telegraph from San Francisco.” ItⒶapparatus note will be manyⒶapparatus note weeks, yet,Ⓐapparatus note before the telegram is received, and it will come as a thunder-clapⒶapparatus note of joy then, and with the seeming of a miracle, for it will raise from the grave men mournedⒶapparatus note as dead. “To-day our rations were reduced to a quarter of a biscuit a meal, with about half a pint of water.” This is on the 13thⒶapparatus note of May, with more than a month of voyaging in front of them yet! However, as they do not know that, “we are all feelingⒶapparatus note pretty cheerful.”

In the afternoon of the 14thⒶapparatus note there was a thunder-stormⒶapparatus note “which toward night seemed to close in around us on every side, making it very dark and squally.” “Our situation is becoming more and more desperate,” for they were making very little northing, “and every day diminishes our small stock of provisions.” They realize that the boats must soon separate, and each fight for its own life. Towing the quarter-boats is aⒶapparatus note hindering business.

That night and next day, light and baffling winds and butⒶapparatus note little progress. Hard to bear—Ⓐapparatus notethat persistent standing still, and the food wasting away. “Everything in a perfect sop; and all so cramped, and noⒶapparatus note change of clothes.” Soon the sun comes out and roasts them. “Joe caught another dolphin to-day; inⒶapparatus note his maw we foundⒶapparatus note aⒶapparatus note flying-fish and two skipjacksⒶapparatus note.” There is anⒶapparatus note event, now, which rouses an enthusiasm of hope: a land-bird arrives! It rests on the yard for a while, and theyⒶapparatus note can look at it all they like, and envy it, and thank it for its message. As a subject forⒶapparatus note talk it is beyond price—Ⓐapparatus notea freshⒶapparatus note new topic for tongues tired to death of talking upon a single theme: shallⒶapparatus note we ever see the land again; and when? Is the bird from Clipperton Rock? They hope so; and they take heart of grace to believe so. As it turned out, the bird had no message; it merely came to mock.

May 16thⒶapparatus note, “the cock still lives, and daily carols forth His praise.” It will be a rainy night, “but I do not care,Ⓐapparatus note if we can fill up our water-butts.”

On the 17thⒶapparatus note one of those majestic spectresⒶapparatus note of the deep, a water-spout, stalked by them, and they trembled for their lives. Young Henry set it down in his scanty journal,Ⓐapparatus note with the judicious comment that “it might have been a fine sight from a ship.”

From Captain Mitchell’s log for this day: “Only half a bushel of bread-crumbs left.Ⓐapparatus note” (And a month to wander the seas yet.)

It rained all night and all day; everybody uncomfortable. Now came a sword-fishⒶapparatus note chasing a bonita,Ⓐapparatus note and the poor thing, seeking help and friends, took refuge under the rudder. The big sword-fishⒶapparatus note kept hovering around, scaring everybody badly. The men’s mouths watered for him, for he would have made a whole banquet; but no one dared to touch him, of course, for he would sink a boat promptly if molested. Providence protected the poor bonitaⒶapparatus note from the cruel sword-fishⒶapparatus note. This was just and right. Providence next befriended the shipwrecked sailors: they got the bonitaⒶapparatus note. This was also just and right.Ⓐapparatus note But in the distribution of mercies the sword-fish himself got overlooked. HeⒶapparatus note now went away; to muse overⒶapparatus note these subtleties, probably. “The men in all the boats seem pretty well; theⒶapparatus note feeblest of the sick ones (not able for a long timeⒶapparatus note to stand his watch on board the ship) is wonderfully recovered.” This is the thirdⒶapparatus note mate’s detested “Portyghee” that raised the family of abscesses.

PassedⒶapparatus note a most awful night. Rained hard nearly all the time, and blew in squalls, accompanied by terrific thunder and lightning, from all points of the compass.Ⓐapparatus note—Henry’s Log.

[begin page 135] MostⒶapparatus note awful night I ever witnessed.Ⓐapparatus note—Captain’s Log.Ⓐapparatus note

Latitude, May 18, 11° 11′. So they have averaged but fortyⒶapparatus note miles of northingⒶapparatus note a day during the fortnight. Further talk of separating. “Too bad, but it must be done for the safety of the whole.” “At first I never dreamed;Ⓐapparatus note but now hardly shut my eyes for a cat-nap without conjuring up something or other—to be accounted for by weakness, I suppose.” But for their disaster they think they would be arriving in San Francisco about this time. “I should have liked to send B—Ⓐapparatus note the telegram for her birthday.” This was a young sister.

On the 19thⒶapparatus note the captain called up the quarter-boats and said one would have to go off on its own hook. The long-boat could no longer tow both of them. The second mate refused to go, but the chief mate was ready; in factⒶapparatus note he was always ready when there was a man’s work to the fore. He took the second mate’s boat; sixⒶapparatus note of its crew elected to remain, and two of his own crew came with him, (nineⒶapparatus note in the boat, now, including himself.) He sailed away, and toward sunset passed out of sight. The diarist was sorry to see him go. It was natural; one could have better spared the Portyghee.Ⓐapparatus note After thirty-twoⒶapparatus note years I find my prejudice against this PortygheeⒶapparatus note reviving. His very looks have long agoⒶapparatus note passed out of my memory; but no matter, I am coming to hate him as religiouslyⒶapparatus note as ever. “Water will now be a scarce article;Ⓐapparatus note for as we get out of the doldrums we shall get showers onlyⒶapparatus note nowⒶapparatus note and then in the trades. This life is telling severely on my strength. Henry holds out first-rate.” Henry did not start well, but under hardships he improved straight along.Ⓐapparatus note

LatitudeⒶapparatus note, Sunday, May 20, 12° 0′ 9″. They ought to be well out of the doldrums,Ⓐapparatus note now, but they are not. No breeze—the longed-for trades still missing. They are still anxiously watching for aⒶapparatus note sail, but they have only “visions of ships that come to naught—the shadowⒶapparatus note without the substance.” The second mate catchesⒶapparatus note a booby this afternoon, aⒶapparatus note bird which consists mainly of feathers; but “asⒶapparatus note they have no other meatⒶapparatus note it will go well.”

May 21, they strike the trades at last! The second mate catches three more boobies, and gives the long-boatⒶapparatus note one. DinnerⒶapparatus note, “half a can ofⒶapparatus note mince-meat divided up and served aroundⒶapparatus note, which strengthened us somewhat.” They have to keep a man bailingⒶapparatus note all the time; the hole knocked in the boat when she was launched from the burning ship was never efficiently mended. “Heading about northwest, now.Ⓐapparatus note” They hope they haveⒶapparatus note easting enough to make some of those indefinite isles. Failing that, they think they will be in a better position toⒶapparatus note be picked up. It was an infinitely slender chance, but the captain probably refrained from mentioning that.

The next day is to be an eventful one.

May 22.Ⓐapparatus note Last night wind headed us off, so that part of the time we had to steer east-southeast,Ⓐapparatus note and then west-northwest, and so on. This morning we were all startled by a cry of “Sail ho!” Sure enough, we could see it! And for a time we cut adrift from the second mate’s boat, and steered so as to attract its attention. This was about half past 5Ⓐapparatus note a.m. After sailing in a state of high excitement for almost twenty minutes we made it out to be the chief mate’s boat. Of course we were glad to see them and have them report all well; but still it was a bitter disappointment to us all. Now that we are in the trades it seems impossible to make northing enough to strike the isles. We have determined to do the best we [begin page 136] can, and get in the route of vessels. Such being the determinationⒶapparatus note it became necessary to cast off the other boat, which, after a good deal of unpleasantness, was done, we again dividing water and stores, and taking Cox into our boat. This makes our number fifteen. The second mate’s crew wanted to all get in with us and cast the other boat adrift. It was a very painful separation.

So those isles that they have struggled for so long and so hopefully,Ⓐapparatus note have to be given up. What with lying birds that come to mock, and isles that are but a dream, and “visions of ships that come to naught,” it is a pathetic time they are havingⒶapparatus note, with muchⒶapparatus note heartbreak in it. It was odd that the vanished boat, three days lost to sight in that vast solitude, should appear again. But it brought Cox—we can’t be certainⒶapparatus note why. But if it hadn’t, the diarist would never have seenⒶapparatus note the land againⒺexplanatory note.

May 23. OurⒶapparatus note chances as we go west increase in regard to being picked up, but each day our scanty fare is so much reduced. Without the fish, turtle, and birds sent us, I do not know how we should have got along. The other day I offered to read prayers morning and evening for the captainⒶapparatus note, and last night commenced. The men, although of various nationalities and religions, are very attentive, and always uncovered. May God grant my weak endeavor its issue!Ⓐapparatus note

Latitude, May 24, 14° 18′ N. FiveⒶapparatus note oysters apiece for dinner and three spoonsfulⒶapparatus note of juice, a gill of waterⒶapparatus note and a piece of biscuit the size of a silver dollar. “We are plainly getting weaker—God have mercy upon us all!Ⓐapparatus note” That night heavy seas break over the weather side and make everybody wet and uncomfortable, besides requiring constant bailing.

Next day,Ⓐapparatus note “nothing particular happened.” Perhaps some of us would have regarded it differently. “PassedⒶapparatus note a spar, but not near enough to see what it was.” They saw some whales blow; there were flying-fish skimming the seas, but none came aboard. Misty weather, with fine rain, very penetrating.

Latitude, May 26, 15° 50′. They caught a flying-fish and a booby, but had to eat them raw. “The men grow weaker, and, I think, despondent; they say very little, though.” And so, to all the other imaginable and unimaginable horrors, silence is added! TheⒶapparatus note muteness and brooding of coming despair. “It seems our best chance to get inⒶapparatus note the track of ships, with the hope that some one will run near enough ourⒶapparatus note speck to see it.” He hopes the other boats stood west and have been picked up. [They will never be heard of again in this world.]Ⓐapparatus note

Sunday, May 27.Ⓐapparatus note Latitude 16° 0′ 5″; longitude, by chronometer, 117° 22′. Our fourth Sunday! When we left the ship we reckoned on having about ten days’ supplies, and now we hope to be able, by rigid economy, to make them last another week if possible.* Last night the sea was comparatively quiet, but the wind headed us off to about west-northwest, which has been about our course all day to-day. Another flying-fish came aboard last night, and one more to-day—both small ones. No birds. A booby is a great catch, and a good large one makes a small dinner for the fifteen of us—that isⒶapparatus note of course, as dinners go in the

*There are nineteen days of voyaging ahead yet.—M. T.Ⓐ [begin page 137] Hornet’sⒶ long-boat. Tried this morning to read the full service to myselfⒶ with the communion, but found it too much; am too weak, and get sleepy, and cannotⒶ give strict attention; so I put off half tillⒶ this afternoon. I trust God will hear the prayers gone up for us at home to-day, and graciously answer them by sending us succor and help in this our season of deep distress.

The next day was “a good day for seeing a ship.” But none was seen. The diarist “still feels pretty well”Ⓐapparatus note though very weak; his brother Henry “bears up and keeps hisⒶapparatus note strength the best of any on boardⒶapparatus note.” “I do not feel despondent at all, for I fully trust that the Almighty will hear our and the home prayers, and He who suffers not a sparrow to fall sees and cares for us, His creatures.”

Considering the situation and theⒶapparatus note circumstances, the record for next day—May 29—is one which has a surprise in it for those dullⒶapparatus note people who think that nothing but medicinesⒶapparatus note and doctors can cure the sickⒶapparatus note. A little starvation can really do more for the average sick man than can the best medicines and the best doctors. I do not mean a restricted diet,Ⓐapparatus note I mean total abstention from food for one or two daysⒶapparatus note. I speak from experience; starvation has been my cold and fever doctor for fifteen years, and has accomplished a cure in all instancesⒶapparatus note. The thirdⒶapparatus note mate told me in Honolulu that the “Portyghee” had lain in his hammock for months, raising his family of abscessesⒶapparatus note and feeding like a cannibal. We have seen that in spite of dreadful weather, deprivation of sleep, scorching, drenching, and all manner of miseries, thirteenⒶapparatus note days of starvation “wonderfully recovered” him. ThereⒶapparatus note were fourⒶapparatus note sailors down sick when the ship was burned. Twenty-five days of pitiless starvation have followed, and now we have this curious record: “ All the men are hearty and strong; even the ones that were down sick areⒶapparatus note well;Ⓐapparatus note except poor Peter.” When I wrote an article some months ago urging temporaryⒶapparatus note abstention from foodⒺexplanatory note as a remedy for an inactive appetite,Ⓐapparatus note and for disease, I was accused ofⒶapparatus note jesting, but IⒶapparatus note was in earnest. “We are all wonderfully well and strong, comparatively speakingⒶapparatus note.” On this day the starvation-regimeⒶapparatus note drewⒶapparatus note its belt a couple of buckle-holes tighter: the bread-rationⒶapparatus note was reduced from the usualⒶapparatus note piece of cracker the size of a silver dollar to the half of that, and one meal was abolished from the daily three. This will weaken the men physically, but if there are any diseases of an ordinary sort left in them they will disappear.

Two quarts bread-crumbsⒶapparatus note left, one-thirdⒶapparatus note of a ham, three small cans of oysters, and twenty gallons of water.—Ⓐapparatus note Captain’s Log.Ⓐapparatus note

The hopeful tone of the diaries is persistent. It is remarkable. Look at the map and see where the boat is: latitude 16° 44′, longitude 119° 20′. It is more than two hundredⒶapparatus note miles west of the Revillagigedo islands—so theyⒶapparatus note are quite out of the question against the trades, rigged as this boat is. The nearest land available for such a boat is the “American Group,”Ⓐapparatus note six hundred and fiftyⒶapparatus note miles away, westward—Ⓐapparatus note still,Ⓐapparatus note there is no note of surrender, none even of discouragement! Yet—May 30—“we have now left: one can of oysters; three pounds of raisins; one can of soup; one-third of a ham; three pints of biscuit-crumbsⒶapparatus note.” And fifteen starved men to live on it while they creep and crawl six hundred and fiftyⒶapparatus note miles.Ⓐapparatus note “Somehow I feel much encouragedⒶapparatus note by this change of course (west by north) which we have madeⒶapparatus note to-day.” Six hundred and fifty miles on a hatful of provisions. Let us be thankful, even after thirty-twoⒶapparatus note years, that they areⒶapparatus note mercifully [begin page 138] ignorant of the fact that it isn’t six hundred and fiftyⒶapparatus note that they must creep on the hatful, but twenty-two hundred!

Isn’t the situation romantic enough,Ⓐapparatus note just as it standsⒶapparatus note? No. Providence added a startling detail: pulling an oar in that boat, for common-seaman’sⒶapparatus note wages, was a banished dukeⒶapparatus note —DanishⒺexplanatory note. We hear no more of him; just that mention;Ⓐapparatus note that is all, with the simple remark added that “he is one of our best men”—a high enough compliment for a duke or any other man in those manhood-testing circumstances. With that little glimpse of him at his oar, and that fine word of praise, he vanishes out of our knowledge for all time. For all time, unless he should chance upon this note and reveal himself.

The last day of May is come. And now there is a disaster to report:Ⓐapparatus note think of it, reflect upon it, and try to understand how much it means, when you sit down with your family and pass your eye over your breakfast tableⒶapparatus note. Yesterday there were three pints of bread-crumbs; this morning the little bag is found open and some of the crumbs missing. “We dislike to suspect any one of such a rascally act, but there is no question that this grave crime has been committed. Two days will certainly finish the remaining morsels. God grant us strength to reach the American Group!Ⓐapparatus note” The thirdⒶapparatus note mate told me in Honolulu that in these days the men remembered with bitternessⒶapparatus note that the “Portyghee” had devoured twenty-twoⒶapparatus note days’ rations while he lay waiting to be transferred from the burning ship, and that now they cursed him and swore an oath thatⒶapparatus note if it came to cannibalism he should be the first to suffer for the rest.Ⓐapparatus note

The captainⒶapparatus note has lost his glasses, and therefore he cannotⒶapparatus note read our pocket-prayerbooksⒶapparatus note as much as I think he would like, though he is not familiar with them.

Further of the captain: “He is a good man, and has been most kind to us—almost fatherly. He says that if he had been offered the command of the ship sooner he should have brought his two daughters with him.” It makes one shudder yet,Ⓐapparatus note to think how narrow an escape it was.

The twoⒶapparatus note meals (rations) a day are as follows:Ⓐapparatus note fourteenⒶapparatus note raisins and a piece of cracker the size of a cent, for tea; aⒶapparatus note gill of water, and a piece of ham and a piece of bread, each the size of a cent, for breakfast.—Captain’s Log.Ⓐapparatus note

He means a cent in thicknessⒶapparatus note as well as in circumference. Samuel Ferguson’s diary says the ham was shaved “about as thin as it could be cut.”

June 1.Ⓐapparatus note Last night and to-dayⒶapparatus note sea very high and cobbling, breaking over and making us all wet and cold. Weather squally, and there is no doubt that only careful management—with God’s protecting care—preserved us through both the night and the day; and really it is most marvelous how every morsel that passes our lips is blessed to us. It makes me think daily of the miracle of the loaves and fishes. Henry keeps up wonderfully, which is a great consolation to me. I somehow have great confidence, and hope that our afflictions will soon be ended, though we are running rapidly across the track of both outward and inward boundⒶapparatus note vessels, and away from them; our chief hope is a whaler, man-of-war, or some Australian ship. The isles we are steering for are put down in Bowditch, but on my map are said to be doubtful. God grant they may be there!

[begin page 139] Hardest day yet.—Captain’s Log.Ⓐapparatus note

Doubtful.Ⓐapparatus note It was worse than that. A weekⒶapparatus note later they sailed straight over them Ⓔexplanatory note.

June 2.Ⓐapparatus note Latitude 18° 9′. Squally, cloudy, a heavy sea. * * *Ⓐapparatus note I cannotⒶapparatus note help thinking of the cheerful and comfortable time we had aboard the Hornet.Ⓐapparatus note

TwoⒶapparatus note days’ scanty supplies left—ten rations of water apieceⒺexplanatory note and a little morsel of bread. But the sun shines, and God is merciful.Ⓐapparatus note —Captain’s Log.Ⓐapparatus note

Sunday, June 3.Ⓐapparatus note Latitude 17° 54′. Heavy sea all night, and from 4 a.m. very wet, the sea breaking over us in frequent sluices, and soaking everythingⒶapparatus note aft, particularly. All day the sea has been very high, and it is a wonder that we are not swamped. Heaven grant that it may go down this evening! Our suspense and condition are getting terrible. I managed this morning to crawl, more than step, to the forward end of the boat, and was surprised to findⒶapparatus note I was so weak, especially in the legs and knees. The sun has been out again, and I have dried some things, and hope for a better night.

June 4.Ⓐapparatus note Latitude 17° 6′;Ⓐapparatus note longitude 131° 30′. Shipped hardly any seas last night, and to-day the sea has gone down somewhat, although it is still too high for comfort, as we have an occasional reminder that water is wet. The sun has been out all day, and so we have had a good drying. I have been trying for the pastⒶapparatus note ten or twelve days to get a pair of drawers dry enough to put on, and to-day at last succeeded. I mention this to show the state in which we have lived. If our chronometer is anywhereⒶapparatus note near right, we ought to see the American Isles to-morrowⒶapparatus note or next day. If they are not there, we have only the chance, for a few days, of a stray ship, for we cannotⒶapparatus note eke out the provisions more than five or six days longer, and our strength is failing very fast. I was much surprised to-day to note how my legs have wasted away above my knees; they are hardly thicker than my upper arm used to be. StillⒶapparatus note I trust in God’s infinite mercy, and feel sure HeⒶapparatus note will do what is best for us. To survive, as we have done, thirty-two days in an open boat, with only about ten days’ fair provisions for thirty-one men in the first place, and these twice dividedⒶapparatus note subsequently, is more than mere unassisted human art and strength could have accomplished orⒶapparatus note endured.

BreadⒶapparatus note and raisins all gone.Ⓐapparatus note—Captain’s Log.Ⓐapparatus note

MenⒶapparatus note growing dreadfully discontented, and awful grumbling and unpleasant talkⒶapparatus note is arising. God save us from all strife of men; and if we must die now, take us himselfⒶapparatus note and not embitter our bitter death still more.Ⓐapparatus note —Henry’s Log.Ⓐapparatus note

June 5.Ⓐapparatus note Quiet night and pretty comfortable day, though our sail and block show signs of failing, and need taking down—which latter is something of a job, as it requires the climbing of the mast. We also had badⒶapparatus note news from forward, there being discontent and some threatening complaints of unfair allowances, etc., all as unreasonable as foolish; stillⒶapparatus note these things bid us be on our guard. I am getting miserably weak, but try to keep up the best I can. If we cannotⒶapparatus note find those isles we can only try to make northwest and get in the track of Sandwich Island bound vessels, living as best we can in the meantimeⒶapparatus note. To-day we changed to oneⒶapparatus note meal, and that at about noon, with a small ration of water at 8 or 9 a.m., another at 12 m., and a third at 5 or 6 p.m.

NothingⒶapparatus note left but a little piece of ham and a gill of water, all round.Ⓐapparatus note—Captain’s Log.Ⓐapparatus note

[begin page 140] They are down to oneⒶapparatus note meal a day, now—Ⓐapparatus notesuch as it is—Ⓐapparatus noteand fifteen hundred miles to crawl yet! And now the horrors deepen. There is talk of murder. And not only that, but worse than that—cannibalism. Now we seem to see why that curious accident happened, so long ago: I mean,Ⓐapparatus note Cox’s return, after he had been far away and out of sight several days in the chiefⒶapparatus note mate’s boat. If he had not come back the captainⒶapparatus note and the two young passengers would have been slainⒺexplanatory note, now, by these sailorsⒶapparatus note who have become maniacs through their sufferings.

Note secretly passed by Henry to his brother:Ⓐapparatus note

“CoxⒶapparatus note told me last nightⒶapparatus note there is getting to be a good deal of ugly talk among the men against the captainⒶapparatus note and us aft. Harry, Jack, and Fred especially. They say that the captainⒶapparatus note is the cause of all—Ⓐapparatus notethat he did not try to save the ship at all, nor to get provisions, and even would not let the men put in some they had,Ⓐapparatus note and that partiality is shown us in apportioning our rations aft. Jack asked Cox the other day if he would starve first or eat human flesh. Cox answered he would starve. Jack then told him it would be only killing himself. If we do not find these islands we would do well to prepare for anythingⒶapparatus note. Harry is the loudest of all.”Ⓐapparatus note

Reply.—“WeⒶapparatus note can depend on Charley, I think, and Thomas, and Cox, can we not?”Ⓐapparatus note

Second Note.—“IⒶapparatus note guess so, and very likely on Peter—Ⓐapparatus notebut there is no telling. Charley and Cox are certain. There is nothing definite said or hinted as yet, as I understand Cox; but starving men are the same as maniacs. It would be well to keep a watch on your pistol, so as to have it and the cartridges safe from theft.”Ⓐapparatus note

Henry’s Log, June 5.Ⓐapparatus note “DreadfulⒶapparatus note forebodings. God spare us from all such horrors! Some of the men getting to talk a good deal. Nothing to write down. Heart very sad.”Ⓐapparatus note

Henry’s Log, June 6.Ⓐapparatus note “PassedⒶapparatus note some sea-weed,Ⓐapparatus note and something that looked like the trunk of an old tree, but no birds; beginning to be afraid islands not there. To-day it was said to the captainⒶapparatus note, in the hearing of all, that some of the men would not shrink, when a man was dead, from using the flesh, though they would not kill. Horrible! God give us all full use of our reason, and spare us from such things! ‘FromⒶapparatus note plague, pestilence, and famine,Ⓐapparatus note from battle and murder—Ⓐapparatus noteand from sudden death:Ⓐapparatus note Good LordⒶapparatus note deliver us!’Ⓔexplanatory note ”Ⓐapparatus note

June 6.Ⓐapparatus note Latitude 16° 30′;Ⓐapparatus note longitude (chron.) 134°. Dry night,Ⓐapparatus note and wind steady enough to require no change in sail; but this a.m. an attempt to lower it proved abortive. First,Ⓐapparatus note the third mate tried and got up to the block, and fastened a temporary arrangement to reeve the halyards through, but had to come down, weak and almost fainting, before finishing; then Joe tried, and after twice ascending, fixed it and brought down the block; but it was very exhausting work, and afterward he was good for nothing all day. The clew-ironⒶapparatus note which we are trying to make serve for the broken block works, however, very indifferently, and will, I am afraid, soon cut the rope. It is very necessary to get everythingⒶapparatus note connected with the sail in good, easy running order before we get too weak to do anythingⒶapparatus note with it.

OnlyⒶapparatus note three meals left.Ⓐapparatus note—Captain’s Log.Ⓐapparatus note

June 7.Ⓐapparatus note Latitude 16° 35′ N.;Ⓐapparatus note longitude 136° 30′ W. Night wet and uncomfortable. To-day shows us pretty conclusively that the American Isles are not hereⒶapparatus note, though we have had some signs that looked like them. At noon we decided to abandon looking any furtherⒶapparatus note for them, and to-night haul a little more northerly, so as to get in the way of Sandwich Island vessels, which, fortunately,Ⓐapparatus note come down pretty well this way—say to latitude 19° [begin page 141] to 20° to get the benefit of the trade-winds. Of course all the westing we have made is gain, and I hope the chronometer is wrong in our favor, for I do not see how any such delicate instrument can keep good time with the constant jarring and thumping we get from the sea. With the strong trade we have, I hope that a week from Sunday will put us in sight of the Sandwich Islands, if we are not saved before that time by being picked up.

It is twelve hundredⒶapparatus note miles to the Sandwich Islands; the provisions are virtuallyⒶapparatus note exhausted, but not the perishing diarist’s pluck.

June 8.Ⓐapparatus note My cough troubled me a good deal last night, and therefore I got hardly any sleep at all. StillⒶapparatus note I make out pretty well, and should not complain. Yesterday the third mate mended the block, and this p.m. the sail, after some difficulty, was got down, and Harry got to the top of the mast and rove the halyards through after some hardship, so that it now works easy and well. This getting up the mast is no easy matter at any time with the sea we have, and is very exhausting in our present state. We could only reward Harry by an extra ration of water. We have made good time and course to-day. Heading her up, however, makes the boat ship seas,Ⓐapparatus note and keeps us all wet; however, it cannotⒶapparatus note be helped. Writing is a rather precarious thing these times. Our meal to-day for the fifteen consists of half a can of “soup-and-bouillé”—Ⓐapparatus notethe other half is reserved for to-morrow. Henry still keeps up grandly, and is a great favorite. God grant he may be spared!

AⒶapparatus note better feeling prevails among the men.Ⓐapparatus note—Captain’s Log.Ⓐapparatus note

June 9.Ⓐapparatus note Latitude 17° 53′. Finished to-day, I may say, our whole stock of provisions.* We have only left a lower end of a ham-bone, with some of the outer rind and skin on. In regard to the water, however, I think we have got ten days’ supply at our present rate of allowance. This, with what nourishment we can get from boot-legs and such chewable matter, we hope will enable us to weather it out till we get to the Sandwich Islands, or, sailing in the meantimeⒶapparatus note in the track of vessels thither bound, be picked up. My hope is in the latter—Ⓐapparatus notefor in all human probability I cannotⒶapparatus note stand the other. StillⒶapparatus note we have been marvelously protected, and God, I hope, will preserve us all in HisⒶapparatus note own good time and way. The men are getting weaker, but are still quiet and orderly.

Sunday, June 10.Ⓐapparatus note Latitude 18° 40′;Ⓐapparatus note longitude 142° 34′. A pretty good night last night, with some wettings, and again another beautiful Sunday. I cannotⒶapparatus note but think how we should all enjoy it at home, and what a contrast is here! How terrible their suspense must begin to be! God grantⒶapparatus note it may be relieved before very long, and HeⒶapparatus note certainly seems to be with us in everythingⒶapparatus note we do, and has preserved this boat miraculously; for since we left the ship we have sailed considerably over three thousand miles, which, taking into consideration our meagreⒶapparatus note stock of provisions, is almost unprecedented. As yet I do not feel the stint of food so much as I do that of water. Even Henry, who is naturally a greatⒶapparatus note water-drinker, can save half of his allowance from time to time, when I cannotⒶapparatus note. My diseased throat may have something to do with that, however.

Nothing is now left which by any flattery can be called food. But they must manage somehowⒶapparatus note for five days more, for at noonⒶapparatus note they have still eight hundredⒶapparatus note miles to go. It is a race for life, now.Ⓐapparatus note

*Six days to sail yet, nevertheless.—M. T.Ⓐ [begin page 142]

This is no time for comments,Ⓐapparatus note or other interruptionsⒶapparatus note from me—every moment is valuable. I will take up the boy-brother’sⒶapparatus note diary, and clear the seas before it and let it fly.

henry ferguson’s log.

Sunday, June 10.Ⓐapparatus note Our ham-bone has given us a taste of food to-day, and we have got left a little meat and the remainder of the bone for to-morrow. CertainlyⒶapparatus note never was there such a sweet knuckle-bone, or one whichⒶapparatus note was so thoroughly appreciated. * * *Ⓐapparatus note I do not know that I feel any worse than I did last Sunday, notwithstanding the reduction of diet; and I trust that we may all have strength given us to sustain the sufferings and hardships of the coming week. We estimate that we are within seven hundredⒶapparatus note miles of the Sandwich Islands, and that our average, daily, is somewhat over a hundredⒶapparatus note miles, so that our hopes have some foundation in reason. Heaven send we may all live to seeⒶapparatus note land!

June 11.Ⓐapparatus note Ate the meat and rind of our ham-bone, and have the bone and the greasy cloth from around the ham left to eat to-morrow. God send us birds or fish, and let us not perish of hunger, or be brought to the dreadful alternative of feeding on human flesh! As I feel now, I do not think anythingⒶapparatus note could persuade me; but you cannotⒶapparatus note tell what you will do when you are reduced by hunger and your mind wandering. I hope and pray we can make out to reach the IslandsⒶapparatus note before we get to this strait; but we have one or two desperateⒶapparatus note men aboard, though they are quiet enough now. It is my firm trust and belief that we are going to be saved. Ⓐapparatus note

AllⒶapparatus note food gone.Ⓐapparatus note—Captain’s Log.*

June 12.Ⓐapparatus note Stiff breeze, and we are fairly flying—dead ahead of it—and toward the IslandsⒶapparatus note. Good hopesⒶapparatus note, but the prospects of hunger are awful. Ate ham-bone to-day. It is the captain’sⒶapparatus note birthday—he is fifty-fourⒶapparatus note years oldⒶapparatus note.

June 13.Ⓐapparatus note The ham-rags are not quite allⒶapparatus note gone yet, and the boot-legs, we find, are very palatable after we get the salt out of them. A little smoke, I think, does some little good; but I don’t know.

June 14.Ⓐapparatus note Hunger does not pain us much, but we are dreadfullyⒶapparatus note weak. Our water is getting frightfully low. God grant we may see land soon! Nothing to eat—but feel better than I did yesterday. Toward evening saw a magnificent rainbow—the first we had seenⒶapparatus note. Captain said, “Cheer up, boys, it’s a prophecy!— it’s the bow of promise!Ⓐapparatus note ”

June 15.Ⓐapparatus note God be forever praised for HisⒶapparatus note infinite mercy!Ⓐapparatus note Land in sight!Ⓐapparatus note Rapidly neared itⒶapparatus note and soon were sure of it. . . . . Two noble Kanakas swam out and took the boat ashore. We were joyfully received by two white men—Mr. Jones and his steward Charley—and a crowd of native men, womenⒶapparatus note and children. They treated us splendidly—aided us, and carried us up the bank, and brought us water, poi, bananasⒶapparatus note and green cocoanutsⒶapparatus note; but the white men took care of usⒶapparatus note and prevented those who would have eaten too much from doing so. EverybodyⒶapparatus note overjoyed to see us, and all sympathy expressed in faces, deedsⒶapparatus note and words. We were then helped up to the house;Ⓐapparatus note and help we needed. Mr. Jones and CharleyⒶapparatus note are the only white men here. Treated us splendidly. Gave us first about a teaspoonfulⒶapparatus note of spirits in water, and then to each a cup of warm teaⒶapparatus note with a little bread. Takes every care of us. Gave us later another cup of tea—and bread the same—Ⓐapparatus noteand then let us go to rest. It is the happiest day of my life. . . . . God in His mercyⒶapparatus note has heard our prayer. . . . . EverybodyⒶapparatus note is so kind. Words cannotⒶapparatus note tell—

*It was at this time discovered that the crazed sailors had gotten the delusion that the captain had a million dollars in gold concealed aft, and they were conspiring to kill him and the two passengers and seize it.—M. T.Ⓐ Ⓐ [begin page 143]

June 16.Ⓐapparatus note Mr. Jones gave us a delightful bed, and we surely had a good night’s rest—Ⓐapparatus notebut not sleep—we were too happy to sleep;Ⓐapparatus note would keep the realityⒶapparatus note and not let it turn to a delusion—dreaded that we might wake up and find ourselves in the boat again. . . . .Ⓐapparatus note

It is an amazing adventure. There is nothing of its sort in history that surpasses it in impossibilities made possible. In one extraordinary detail—the survival of every personⒶapparatus note in the boat—it probably stands alone in the history of adventures of its kind. Usually merelyⒶapparatus note a part of a boat’s companyⒶapparatus note survive—officers, mainly, and other educated and tenderly reared men, unused to hardship and heavy labor—Ⓐapparatus notethe untrained, roughly-rearedⒶapparatus note hard workers succumb. But in this case even the rudest and roughest stood the privations and miseries of the voyage almost as well as did the college-bred young brothers and the captain. I mean, physically. The minds of most of the sailors broke down in the fourth week and went to temporary ruin, but physically the endurance exhibited was astonishing. Those men did not survive by any merit of their own, of course, but by merit of the character and intelligence of the captain—Ⓐapparatus notethey lived by the mastery of his spirit. Without him they would have been children without a nurse; they would have exhausted their provisions in a week, and their pluck would not have lasted even as long as the provisions.

The boat came near to being wrecked,Ⓐapparatus note at the last. As it approached the shore the sail was let go, and came down with a run; then the captain saw that he was drifting swiftly toward an ugly reef, and an effort was made to hoist the sail again,Ⓐapparatus note but it could not be done,Ⓐapparatus note the men’s strength was wholly exhausted; they could not even pull an oar. They were helpless, and death imminent. It was then that they were discovered by the two Kanakas who achieved the rescue. They swam out and manned the boat and piloted her through a narrowⒶapparatus note and hardly noticeable break in the reef—the only breakⒶapparatus note in it in a stretch of thirty-fiveⒶapparatus note miles! The spot where the landing was made was the only one in that stretch where footing could have been found on the shore—Ⓐapparatus noteeverywhere else precipices came sheer down into forty fathoms of water. Also, in all that stretch this was the only spot where anybody lived.

Within ten days after the landing all the men but one were up and creepingⒶapparatus note about. Properly, they ought to have killed themselves with the “food” of the last few daysⒶapparatus note—some of them, at any rate—men who had freighted their stomachs with strips of leather from old boots and with chips from the butter-cask,Ⓐapparatus note a freightage which they did not get rid of by digestion, but by other means. The captain and the two passengers did not eat strips and chips as the sailors did, but scraped the boot-leather and the wood and made a pulp of the scrapings by moistening them with water. The third mate told me that the boots were old, and full of holes; then added, thoughtfully, “but the holes digested the best.”Ⓐapparatus note Speaking of digestion, here is a remarkable thing, and worth noting: during this strange voyage, and for a while afterward on shore, the bowels of some of the men virtuallyⒶapparatus note ceased from their functions; in some cases there was no action for twenty and thirty days, and in one case for forty-four! Sleeping, also,Ⓐapparatus note came to be rare. Yet the men did very well without it. During many days the captain did not sleep at all—twenty-one, I think, on one stretch.

When the landing was made, all the men were successfullyⒶapparatus note protected from overeatingⒶapparatus note except the “Portyghee;”Ⓐapparatus note he escapedⒶapparatus note the watch and ate an incredible number of bananas;Ⓐapparatus note a hundred [begin page 144] and fifty-twoⒶapparatus note, the third mate said, but thisⒶapparatus note was undoubtedly an exaggeration; I think it was a hundred and fifty-one. He was already nearly full of leather—Ⓐapparatus noteit was hanging out of his ears. (I do not state this on the third mate’s authority, for we have seen what sort of a personⒶapparatus note he was; I state it on my own.) The PortygheeⒶapparatus note ought to have died, of course, and even now it seems a pity that he didn’t; but he got well, and asⒶapparatus note early as any of them; and all full of leather, too, the way he was, and butter-timber and handkerchiefs and bananas. Some of the men did eat handkerchiefs,Ⓐapparatus note in those last days, also socks; and he was one of them.

It is to the credit of the men that they did not kill the rooster that crowed so gallantly,Ⓐapparatus note mornings. He lived eighteen days, and then stood up and stretched his neck and made a braveⒶapparatus note weak effort to do his duty once more, and died in the actⒺexplanatory note. It is a picturesque detail; and so is that rainbow, too—the only one seen in the forty-three days—raising its triumphal arch in the skies for the sturdy fighters to sail under to victory and rescue.Ⓐapparatus note

With ten days’ provisions Captain Josiah Mitchell performed this memorable voyage of forty-three days and eight hours in an open boat, sailing four thousandⒶapparatus note miles in reality and thirty-three hundred and sixtyⒶapparatus note by direct courses, and brought every man safe to land. A bright, simple-hearted, unassuming, plucky, and most companionable man. I walked the deck with him twenty-eight days—Ⓐapparatus notewhen I was not copying diaries—Ⓐapparatus noteand I remember him with reverent honor. If he is alive he is eighty-six years old, now.

If I remember rightly, Samuel FergusonⒶapparatus note died soon after we reached San FranciscoⒺexplanatory note. I do not think he lived to see his home again; his disease had doubtless doomed him when he left it.

For a time it was hoped that the two quarter-boats would presently be heard of, but this hope suffered disappointment. They went down with all on board, no doubt. Not even that knightly chief mate spared.Ⓐapparatus note

The authors of the diaries wanted to smooth them up a little before allowing me to copy them, but there was no occasion for that, and I persuaded them out of it. TheseⒶapparatus note diaries are finely modest and unaffected;Ⓐapparatus note and with unconscious and unintentional artⒶapparatus note they rise toward the climax with graduated and gathering force and swing and dramatic intensity,Ⓐapparatus note they sweep you along with a cumulative rush,Ⓐapparatus note and when the cry rings out at last, “Land in sight!” your heart is in yourⒶapparatus note mouthⒶapparatus note and for a moment you think it is yourself that have beenⒶapparatus note saved. The last two paragraphs are not improvable by anybody’s art; they are literary gold; and their very pauses and uncompleted sentencesⒶapparatus note have in them an eloquence not reachable by any words.

The interest of this story is unquenchable; it is of the sort that time cannot decay.Ⓐapparatus note I have not looked at the diaries for thirty-two years, but I find that they have lost nothing in that time.Ⓐapparatus note Lost?—theyⒶapparatus note have gained; for by some subtleⒶapparatus note law all tragic human experiences gain in pathos by the perspective of time. We realize this when in Naples we stand musing over the poor PompeianⒶapparatus note mother, lost in the historic storm of volcanic ashes eighteen centuries ago, who lies with her child gripped close to her breast, trying to save it, and whose despair and grief have been preserved for us by the fiery envelop which took her life but eternalized her form and features. She moves us, she haunts us, she stays in our thoughts for many days, we do not know why, for she is nothing to us, she has been nothing to any one for eighteen centuries; whereas of the like case to-day we should say “poorⒶapparatus note thing,Ⓐapparatus note it is pitiful,” and forget it in an hour.

Mark Twain
Vienna, October, 1898.Ⓐapparatus note

Revisions, Variants Adopted or Rejected, and Textual Notes My Debut as a Literary Person*

Ⓐ My . . . Person.* | By . . . “Mark Swain.”) footnote: ¶ *This . . . Autobiography. ● My Debut as a Literary Person.* | double rule | By Mark Twain (formerly Mike “Mike Swain.”) ¶ * [This is Chapter XIV of my unfinished unpublished Autobiography] . and the way it is getting along it promises to remain an unfinished one.] c Chapter of Autobiography written in 1898: ‘*This . . . Autobiography’ marked ‘footnote’ and ‘small type’; at a later date, probably 1906, SLC deleted the entire title, byline, and footnote, and inserted ‘Chapter . . . 1898:’ (MS) MY DÉBUT AS A LITERARY PERSON. | by mark twain (formerly “mike swain”). (Cent)

Ⓐ October 1, 1898. ● October 1, 1898. In revision presumably intended for magazine publication only (MS) In (Cent)

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Ⓐ took ● were able to take took (MS) took (Cent)

Ⓐ Francisco. That is, . . . memory. ● Francisco. That is, . . . memory. (MS) Francisco; that is, . . . memory. (Cent)

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Ⓐ booby-hatch . . . light, . . . the ● hold booby-hatch with an open light. ,to draw some varnish from a cask. There was crude petroleum there; also a leak in a cask, and some low-lying gas in consequence. There was an explosion, a whirlwind of flame, and the The proper result followed, and the (MS) booby-hatch . . . light . . . the (Cent)

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Ⓐ stove ● made (MS) stove (Cent)

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Ⓐ Everything . . . no ● every thing was in a perfect sop. Wind baffling and very light—made but little progress. Spirits keep up, and I trust all will be well; but it is a terrible thing for us all so cramped and with no (H) Everything . . . no (MS copy of H, Cent)

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Ⓐ bonita ● bonita (MS) bonito (Cent)

Ⓐ just and right. ● just and right. The sword-|fish (MS) just right. (Cent)

Ⓐ But . . . sword-fish himself got . . . He ● But . . . swordfish got . . . He inserted on the verso with instructions to turn over (MS) But . . . swordfish himself got . . . He (Cent)

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Ⓐ Passed ● [“Passed (H) Passed (MS copy of H, Cent)

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Ⓐ Most ● “Most (H) Most (MS copy of H, Cent)

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Ⓐ Log. ● Log.] (H) Log. (MS copy of H, Cent)

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Ⓐ thirty-two ● 32 (MS) thirty-two (Cent)

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Ⓐ now ● now (H, Cent) now ◇◇ (MS copy of H)

Ⓐ Henry . . . along. ● Henry . . . along. (MS) Henry . . . along. (Cent)

Ⓐ Latitude ● ◇ ¶ Latitude paragraph sign added for clarification, not revision (MS) Latitude (Cent)

Ⓐ doldrums, ● doldrums, (MS) doldrums (Cent)

Ⓐ a ● ship a (MS) a (Cent)

Ⓐ shadow ● semblance (H) shadow (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ The second mate catches ● They second mate catches (MS) The second mate catches (Cent)

Ⓐ a ● ‸ a (MS) a (Cent)

Ⓐ but “as ● but “as (MS) “but as (Cent)

Ⓐ meat ● meat (MS) meat, (Cent)

Ⓐ long-boat ● long-|boat (MS) long-boat (Cent)

Ⓐ Dinner ● Dinner, (MS) Dinner (Cent)

Ⓐ “half a can of ● a pound of “half a can of (MS) “half a can of (Cent)

Ⓐ around ● round (H) around (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ bailing ● bailing (MS) bailing (Cent)

Ⓐ Heading about northwest, now. ● We have headed to-day about northwest (H) Heading about north-west, now. (MS copy of H) Heading about northwest now. (Cent)

Ⓐ they have ● to get they have (MS) they have (Cent)

Ⓐ no ¶ Failing . . . to ● ¶ The next day is to be an eventful one. no ¶ Failing . . . to (MS) no ¶ Failing . . . to (Cent)

Ⓐ May 22. ● May 22.— (H clipping) May 22. (Cent)

Ⓐ east-southeast, ● east-south-|east, (H clipping) east-southeast (Cent)

Ⓐ half past 5 ● half past 5 (H clipping) half-|past five (Cent)

Ⓐ determination ● determination (H clipping) determination, (Cent)

Ⓐ hopefully, ● hopefully, (MS) hopefully (Cent)

Ⓐ having ● haveing (MS) having (Cent)

Ⓐ much ● strong much (MS) much (Cent)

Ⓐ be certain ● know be certain (MS) be certain (Cent)

Ⓐ seen ● finished his voyage seen (MS) seen (Cent)

Ⓐ May 23. Our ● May 23.—A good breeze all night, allowing us to head about northwest or a little better. Took a longitude observation this morning, but the sun was overclouded at noon, so we could make out neither latitude nor longitude. Our (H clipping-SLC) Our (Cent)

Ⓐ captain ● Captain (H clipping) captain (Cent)

Ⓐ issue! ● issue! (H clipping) issue. (Cent)

Ⓐ Five ● No birds or fish Five (MS) Five (Cent)

Ⓐ spoonsful ● spoonsful (MS) spoonfuls (Cent)

Ⓐ water ● water (MS) water, (Cent)

Ⓐ We are plainly . . . all! ● God have mercy upon us all! We are all plainly getting weaker (H) We are all plainly . . . all! (MS copy of H) We are plainly . . . all! (Cent)

Ⓐ day, ● day, (MS) day (Cent)

Ⓐ Passed ● Passed at some distance (H) Passed (MS, Cent)

Ⓐ added! The ● added! The (MS) added—the (Cent)

Ⓐ in ● in and lie in (H) in (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ our ● our (H, MS copy of H) to our (Cent)

Ⓐ [They will never . . . world.] ● One of them is [They will never to . . . world.] —the second mate’s. (MS) (They will never . . . world.) (Cent)

Ⓐ Sunday, May 27. ● Sunday, May 27.— (H clipping) Sunday, May 27. (Cent)

Ⓐ is ● is, (H, Cent) is (MS copy of H)

Ⓐ possible.* footnote: ¶ *There are nineteen . . . ahead yet.—M. T. ● possible.* footnote: ¶ *There are 19 . . . ahead of them yet.—M. T. SLC added the footnote at the bottom of the MS page, circling ‘footnote’ after the asterisk (H clipping-SLC) possible.1 footnote: ¶ 1There are nineteen . . .ahead yet.— M. T. (Cent)

Ⓐ Hornet’s ● Hornet’s (H, Cent) “ Hornet’s ” underscore replaced quotation marks (MS copy of H)

Ⓐ myself ● myself (H, MS copy of H) myself, (Cent)

Ⓐ cannot ● can not (H) cannot (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ till ● until (H) till (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ well” ● well, (H) well” (MS copy of H) well,” (Cent)

Ⓐ his ● not in (H) his (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ on board ● aboard (H) on board (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ and the ● and the (MS) and (Cent)

Ⓐ dull ● stu dull (MS) dull (Cent)

Ⓐ medicines ● do medicines (MS) medicines (Cent)

Ⓐ the sick ● sick people (MS) the sick (Cent)

Ⓐ diet, ● diet, (MS) diet; (Cent)

Ⓐ for one or two days ● for one or two days (MS) for one or two days (Cent)

Ⓐ all instances ● every all instances (MS) all instances (Cent)

Ⓐ third ● chief third (MS) third (Cent)

Ⓐ abscesses ● abscesses, (MS) abscesses (Cent)

Ⓐ thirteen ● fourteen thirteen (MS) thirteen (Cent)

Ⓐ There ● It appears that t There (MS) There (Cent)

Ⓐ four ● four originally ‘four’; underscore canceled (MS) four (Cent)

Ⓐ All . . . are ● All . . . are (H) All . . . are (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ well; ● well, (H) well; (MS copy of H) well, (Cent)

Ⓐ temporary ● temporary (MS) temporary (Cent)

Ⓐ appetite, ● appetite, (MS) appetite (Cent)

Ⓐ accused of ● not accused of (MS) accused of (Cent)

Ⓐ I ● I (MS) I (Cent)

Ⓐ We . . . speaking ● We . . . speaking (H) We . . . speaking (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ starvation-regime ● starvation-regime (MS) starvation regimen (Cent)

Ⓐ drew ● was drew (MS) drew (Cent)

Ⓐ bread-ration ● bread-ration (MS) bread ration (Cent)

Ⓐ the usual ● a the usual (MS) the usual (Cent)

Ⓐ bread-crumbs ● bread crumbs (H, MS) bread-crumbs (Cent)

Ⓐ one-third ● one-third (H, MS) one third (Cent)

Ⓐ water.— ● water.”— (H) water.— (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ Log. ● Log.] (H) Log. (MS, Cent)

Ⓐ two hundred ● 200 (MS) two hundred (Cent)

Ⓐ they ● they (MS) they (Cent)

Ⓐ “American Group,” ● “American Group,” (MS) American group, (Cent)

Ⓐ six hundred and fifty ● 650 six hundred and fifty (MS) six hundred and fifty (Cent)

Ⓐ westward— ● westward; (Cent) westward— (MS)

Ⓐ still, ● yet still, (MS) still, (Cent)

Ⓐ one can of oysters; three pounds of raisins; one can of soup; one-third of a ham; three pints of biscuit-crumbs ● 1 can of oysters, about 3 pounds of raisins, 1 can of “soup-and-bouilléⒺ,” less than half a ham, and about 3 pints of biscuit crumbs (H) 1 can of oysters; 3 pounds of raisins; 1 can of soup; one-third of a ham; 3 pints of biscuit-crumbs (MS copy of H) one can of oysters; three pounds of raisins; one can of soup; one third of a ham; three pints of biscuit-crumbs (Cent)

Ⓐ six hundred and fifty ● 650 (MS) six hundred and fifty (Cent)

Ⓐ miles. ● miles! . (MS) miles. (Cent)

Ⓐ Somehow . . . encouraged ● Somehow . . . encouraged originally ‘Somehow . . . encouraged’; underscore canceled (MS) Somehow . . . encouraged (Cent)

Ⓐ course . . . made ● course we inaugurated (H) course . . . made (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ thirty-two ● 32 (MS) thirty-two (Cent)

Ⓐ they are ● they do not are (MS) they are (Cent)

Ⓐ six hundred and fifty ● 650 (MS) six hundred and fifty (Cent)

Ⓐ enough, ● enough, (MS) enough (Cent)

Ⓐ stands ● is (MS) stands (Cent)

Ⓐ common-seaman’s ● common-seaman’s (MS) common seaman’s (Cent)

Ⓐ a banished Duke ● The banished heir of a a banished Duke (MS) a banished duke (Cent)

Ⓐ mention; ● mention; (MS) mention, (Cent)

Ⓐ report: ● report:— (MS) report: (Cent)

Ⓐ breakfast table ● breakfast table (MS) breakfast-table (Cent)

Ⓐ God . . . Group! ● God grant us deliverance soon, in the shape of a ship, or if not, strength to reach the “American Group” of islands! (H) God . . . Group! (MS copy of H) God . . . group! (Cent)

Ⓐ third ● chief third (MS) third (Cent)

Ⓐ with bitterness ● with bitterness (MS) with bitterness (Cent)

Ⓐ twenty-two ● twenty (MS) twenty-two (Cent)

Ⓐ swore an oath that ● said swore an oath that (MS) swore an oath that (Cent)

Ⓐ rest. ● rest. This scrap of memory locates him; both quarter-boats have long ago disappeared from sight; so he must have been in the chief mate’s boat. (MS) rest. (Cent)

Ⓐ captain ● Captain (H) captain (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ cannot ● can not (H) cannot (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ pocket-prayerbooks ● pocket prayer-books (H, Cent) pocket-prayerbooks (MS copy of H)

Ⓐ yet, ● yet, (MS) yet (Cent)

Ⓐ The two ● [“Two (H) The two (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ meals (rations) . . . follows: ● meals a day: of (H) meals (rations) . . . follows: (MS copy of H) meals (rations) . . . follows: (Cent)

Ⓐ fourteen ● fourteen (H, Cent) 14 (MS copy of H)

Ⓐ a ● and a (H) a (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ breakfast.—Captain’s Log. ● breakfast.”—Captain’s Log.] (H) breakfast.—Captain’s Log. (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ thickness ● thickness originally ‘thickness’; underscore canceled (MS) thickness (Cent)

Ⓐ June 1. ● June 1.— (H) June 1. (MS copy of H) June 1. (Cent)

Ⓐ to-day ● to-day (H, Cent) today (MS copy of H)

Ⓐ outward and inward bound ● outward and inward bound (H clipping) outward- and inward-bound (Cent)

Ⓐ Hardest day yet.—Captain’s Log. ● [“Hardest day yet.”—Captain’s Log.] (H clipping) Hardest day yet.—Captain’s Log. (Cent)

Ⓐ Doubtful. ● Doubtful. (MS) Doubtful! (Cent)

Ⓐ A week ● Five six days A week (MS) A week (Cent)

Ⓐ June 2. ● June 2.— (H) June 2. (MS copy of H) June 2. (Cent)

Ⓐ Squally, cloudy, a heavy sea. * * * ● Last night much like previous one—squally and cloudy, with slight showers of rain and a heavy sea. (H) Squally, cloudy, a heavy sea. * * *. (MS copy of H) Squally, cloudy, a heavy sea. . . . (Cent)

Ⓐ cannot ● can not (H) cannot (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ Hornet. ● Hornet. (H, Cent) “ Hornet. ” underscore replaced quotation marks (MS)

Ⓐ Two ● [“Two (H clipping) Two (Cent)

Ⓐ merciful. ● merciful.” (H clipping) merciful. (Cent)

Ⓐ Log. ● Log.] (H clipping) Log. (Cent)

Ⓐ Sunday, June 3. ● Sunday, June 3.— (H clipping) Sunday, June 3. (Cent)

Ⓐ everything ● every thing (H clipping) everything (Cent)

Ⓐ find ● find (H clipping) find that textual note: The revision is rejected as compositorial error or sophistication; also at 34.12 and 39.5. (Cent)

Ⓐ June 4. ● June 4.— (H clipping) June 4. (Cent)

Ⓐ 6ʹ; ● 6ʹ; (H clipping) 6ʹ, (Cent)

Ⓐ past ● last (H clipping) last textual note: The revision is rejected as compositorial error or sophistication. (Cent)

Ⓐ anywhere ● any where (H clipping) anywhere (Cent)

Ⓐ to-morrow ● to-|morrow (H clipping) to-morrow (Cent)

Ⓐ cannot (Cent) ● can not (H clipping) cannot (Cent)

Ⓐ Still ● Still (H clipping) Still, (Cent)

Ⓐ He ● He (H clipping) he (Cent)

Ⓐ twice divided ● twice divided (H clipping) divided twice textual note: The revision is rejected as compositorial error or sophistication. (Cent)

Ⓐ or ● or (H clipping) and textual note: The revision is rejected as compositorial error or sophistication. (Cent)

Ⓐ Bread ● [“Bread (H clipping) Bread (Cent)

Ⓐ gone. ● gone.” (H clipping) gone. (Cent)

Ⓐ Log. ● log. (H clipping) Log. (Cent)

Ⓐ Men ● “Men (H clipping) Men (Cent)

Ⓐ talk ● talking (H clipping) talk (Cent)

Ⓐ himself ● himself (H clipping) himself, (Cent)

Ⓐ more. ● more.” (H clipping) more. (Cent)

Ⓐ Log. ● log.] (H clipping) Log. (Cent)

Ⓐ June 5. ● June 5.— (H clipping) June 5. (Cent)

Ⓐ had bad ● had h bad (H clipping-SLC) had (Cent)

Ⓐ still ● still (H clipping) still, (Cent)

Ⓐ cannot ● can not (H clipping) cannot (Cent)

Ⓐ meantime ● mean time (H clipping) meantime (Cent)

Ⓐ one ● one ‘one’ underscored (H clipping-SLC) one textual note: The revision is rejected as compositorial error or sophistication. (Cent)

Ⓐ Nothing ● [“Nothing (H clipping) Nothing (Cent)

Ⓐ round. ● round.” (H clipping) around. (Cent)

Ⓐ Log. ● log. (H clipping) Log. (Cent)

Ⓐ one ● one (MS) one textual note: The revision is rejected as compositorial error or sophistication. (Cent)

Ⓐ now— ● now— (MS) now,— (Cent)

Ⓐ is— ● is— (MS) is,— (Cent)

Ⓐ mean, ● mean, (MS) mean (Cent)

Ⓐ chief ● chief (MS) chief (Cent)

Ⓐ captain ● Captain (MS) captain (Cent)

Ⓐ sailors ● sailors, (Cent) sailors (MS)

Ⓐ ¶ Note . . . brother: ● ¶ Note . . . brother: (H clipping) centered note secretly passed by henry to his brother. (Cent)

Ⓐ “Cox ● “Cox (H clipping) Cox (Cent)

Ⓐ night ● night (H clipping) night that (Cent)

Ⓐ captain ● Captain (H clipping) captain (Cent)

Ⓐ all— ● all— (H clipping) all; (Cent)

Ⓐ had, ● had, (H clipping) had; (Cent)

Ⓐ anything ● any thing (H clipping) anything (Cent)

Ⓐ all.” ● all.” (H clipping) all. (Cent)

Ⓐ ¶ Reply.—“We ● ¶ Reply.—“We (H clipping) centered reply. ¶ We (Cent)

Ⓐ not?” ● not?” (H clipping) not? (Cent)

Ⓐ ¶ Second Note.—“I ● ¶ Second Note.—“I (H clipping) centered second note. ¶ I (Cent)

Ⓐ Peter— ● Peter— (H clipping) Peter; (Cent)

Ⓐ theft.” ● theft.” (H clipping) theft. (Cent)

Ⓐ June 5. ● June 5.— (H clipping) June 5. (Cent)

Ⓐ “Dreadful ● “Dreadful (H clipping) Dreadful (Cent)

Ⓐ sad.” ● sad.” (H clipping) sad. (Cent)

Ⓐ June 6. ● June 6.— (H clipping) June 6. (Cent)

Ⓐ “Passed ● “Passed (H clipping) Passed (Cent)

Ⓐ sea-weed, ● sea-weed, (H clipping) seaweed (Cent)

Ⓐ captain ● Captain (H clipping) captain (Cent)

Ⓐ ‘From ● ‘From (H clipping) “From (Cent)

Ⓐ famine, ● famine, (H clipping) famine; (Cent)

Ⓐ murder— ● murder— (H clipping) murder, (Cent)

Ⓐ death: ● death: (H clipping) death, (Cent)

Ⓐ Good Lord ● Good Lord (H clipping) good Lord, (Cent)

Ⓐ us!’ ” ● us!’ ”] (H clipping) us!” (Cent)

Ⓐ June 6. ● June 6.— (H clipping) June 6. (Cent)

Ⓐ 30ʹ; ● 30ʹ; (H clipping) 30ʹ, (Cent)

Ⓐ night, ● night, (H clipping) night (Cent)

Ⓐ First, ● First, (H clipping) First (Cent)

Ⓐ clew-iron ● clew-iron (H clipping) clue-iron (Cent)

Ⓐ everything ● every thing (H clipping) everything (Cent)

Ⓐ anything ● any thing (H clipping) anything (Cent)

Ⓐ Only ● [“Only (H clipping) Only (Cent)

Ⓐ left. ● left.” (H clipping) left. (Cent)

Ⓐ Log. ● Log.] (H clipping) Log. (Cent)

Ⓐ June 7. ● June 7.— (H clipping) June 7. (Cent)

Ⓐ N.; ● N.; (H clipping) N., (Cent)

Ⓐ here ● here (H clipping) there (Cent)

Ⓐ further ● further (H clipping) farther (Cent)

Ⓐ which, fortunately, ● which, fortunately, (H clipping) which fortunately (Cent)

Ⓐ twelve hundred ● 1200 (MS) twelve hundred (Cent)

Ⓐ virtually ● practically (MS) virtually (Cent)

Ⓐ June 8. ● June 8.— (H clipping) June 8. (Cent)

Ⓐ Still ● Still (H clipping) Still, (Cent)

Ⓐ seas, ● seas, (H clipping) seas (Cent)

Ⓐ cannot ● can not (H clipping) cannot (Cent)

Ⓐ “soup-and-bouillé”— ● “soup-and-bouillé”— (H clipping) “soup and boullie”; (Cent)

Ⓐ A ● [“A (H clipping) A (Cent)

Ⓐ men. ● men.” (H clipping) men. (Cent)

Ⓐ Log. ● Log.] (H clipping) Log. (Cent)

Ⓐ June 9. ● June 9.— (H clipping) June 9. (Cent)

Ⓐ meantime ● mean time (H clipping) meantime (Cent)

Ⓐ latter— ● latter— (H clipping) latter, (Cent)

Ⓐ cannot ● can not (H clipping) cannot (Cent)

Ⓐ Still ● Still (H clipping) Still, (Cent)

Ⓐ His ● His (H clipping) his (Cent)

Ⓐ Sunday, June 10. ● Sunday, June 10.— (H clipping) Sunday, June 10. (Cent)

Ⓐ 40ʹ; ● 40ʹ, (H clipping, Cent)

Ⓐ cannot ● can not (H clipping) cannot (Cent)

Ⓐ grant ● grant (H clipping) grant that (Cent)

Ⓐ He ● He (H clipping) he (Cent)

Ⓐ everything ● every thing (H clipping) everything (Cent)

Ⓐ meagre ● meagre (H clipping) meager (Cent)

Ⓐ great ● great (H clipping) good (Cent)

Ⓐ cannot ● can not (H clipping) cannot (Cent)

Ⓐ somehow ● to somehow (MS) somehow (Cent)

Ⓐ at noon ● at noon (MS) at noon (Cent)

Ⓐ eight hundred ● 800 (MS) eight hundred (Cent)

Ⓐ now. (Cent) ● now,. (MS) now. (Cent)

Ⓐ provisions.* footnote: ¶ *Six days to sail yet, nevertheless.—M. T. ● provisions.* footnote: ¶ *Six days to sail yet, nevertheless.—M. T. SLC added the footnote at the bottom of the MS page, circling ‘footnote’ above the note (H clipping-SLC) provisions.1 footnote: ¶ 1Six days to sail yet, nevertheless.—M. T. (Cent)

Ⓐ comments, ● comments, (MS) comments (Cent)

Ⓐ interruptions ● interruptions— (MS) interruptions (Cent)

Ⓐ boy-brother’s ● boy-|brother’s (MS) boy brother’s (Cent)

Ⓐ Sunday, June 10. ● Sunday, June 10.— (H clipping) Sunday, June 10. (Cent)

Ⓐ Certainly ● Certainly (H clipping) Certainly, (Cent)

Ⓐ which ● which (H clipping) that (Cent)

Ⓐ appreciated. * * * ● appreciated. * * * (H clipping) appreciated. . . . (Cent)

Ⓐ seven hundred ● 700 (H clipping) seven hundred (Cent)

Ⓐ hundred ● 100 (H clipping) a hundred (Cent)

Ⓐ see ● reach (H clipping) see (Cent)

Ⓐ June 11. ● June 11.— (H clipping) June 11. (Cent)

Ⓐ anything ● any thing (H clipping) anything (Cent)

Ⓐ cannot ● can not (H clipping) cannot (Cent)

Ⓐ Islands ● Islands (H clipping) islands (Cent)

Ⓐ desperate ● pretty desperate (H clipping) desperate (Cent)

Ⓐ It . . . saved. ● It . . . saved. ‘It . . . saved’ underscored (H clipping-SLC) It . . . saved. (Cent)

Ⓐ All ● [“All (H clipping) All textual note: The revision is rejected as compositorial error or sophistication. (Cent)

Ⓐ gone. ● gone.” (H clipping) gone. (Cent)

Ⓐ June 12. ● June 12.— (H clipping) June 12. (Cent)

Ⓐ Islands ● Islands (H clipping) islands (Cent)

Ⓐ hopes ● hopes (H clipping) hope (Cent)

Ⓐ captain’s ● Captain’s (H) captain’s (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ fifty-four ● 54 (H, MS copy of H) fifty-four (Cent)

Ⓐ old ● old to-day (H) old (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ June 13. ● June 13.— (H) June 13. (MS copy of H) June 13. (Cent)

Ⓐ not quite all ● not (H) not quite all (MS copy of H) not quite all (Cent)

Ⓐ June 14. ● June 14.— (H) June 14. (MS copy of H) June 14. (Cent)

Ⓐ dreadfully ● dreadful (H) dreadfully (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ rainbow—the first we had seen ● double-rainbow—the first we had seen (H) rainbow—the first we had seen (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ it’s . . . promise! ● it’s . . . promise! (H) its . . . promise! (MS copy of H) it’s . . . promise! (Cent)

Ⓐ June 15. ● June 15.— (H) June 15. (MS copy of H) June 15. (Cent)

Ⓐ His ● His (H, MS copy of H) his (Cent)

Ⓐ mercy! ● mercy to us! (H) mercy! to us! (MS copy of H) mercy! (Cent)

Ⓐ Land in sight! ● Land in sight! (H) Land in sight! (MS copy of H) LAND IN SIGHT! (Cent)

Ⓐ it ● it, (H) it (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ women ● women, (H, Cent) women (MS copy of H)

Ⓐ bananas ● bananas, (H, Cent) bananas (MS copy of H)

Ⓐ cocoanuts ● cocoa-nuts (H) cocoanuts (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ us ● us, (H) us (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ Everybody ● Every body (H) Everybody (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ deeds ● deeds, (H, Cent) deeds (MS copy of H)

Ⓐ house; ● house, (H) house; (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ Charley ● his steward, Charley, (H) Charley (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ teaspoonful ● tea-spoonful (H) tea-|spoonful (MS copy of H) teaspoonful (Cent)

Ⓐ warm tea ● hot tea (H, MS copy of H) warm tea, (Cent)

Ⓐ tea—and bread the same— ● tea—and bread the same— (H, MS copy of H) tea, and bread the same, (Cent)

Ⓐ It . . . His mercy ● It is the happiest day of my life. God, in his mercy, (H) It . . . his mercy (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ prayer. . . . . Everybody ● prayer, and we are saved. . . . . . Every body (H) prayer. . . . . Everybody (MS copy of H) prayer . . . . Every-|body (Cent)

Ⓐ cannot ● can not (H) cannot (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ *It . . . it.—M. T. ● not in (MS) 2It . . . it.—M. T. (Cent)

Ⓐ Log.* ● Log.] (H clipping) Log. 2 (Cent)

Ⓐ June 16. ● June 16. (MS copy of H) June 16.— (H) June 16. (Cent)

Ⓐ rest— ● rest— (H, MS copy of H) rest; (Cent)

Ⓐ sleep; ● sleep. They gave the Captain a little room, and the same to Sam and me, and gave the sitting-room to the men. We enjoyed the night, but did not sleep— (H) sleep; (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ reality ● reality, (H) reality (MS copy of H, Cent)

Ⓐ again. . . . . | rule ● again. . . . . | rule (H, MS copy of H) again. (Cent)

Ⓐ person ● man person (MS) person (Cent)

Ⓐ merely ● a merely (MS) merely (Cent)

Ⓐ company ● company— | outlive (MS) company (Cent)

Ⓐ labor— ● labor.— (MS) labor; (Cent)

Ⓐ roughly-reared ● roughly-reared (MS) roughly reared (Cent)

Ⓐ captain— ● captain— (MS) captain; (Cent)

Ⓐ wrecked, ● wrecked, (MS) wrecked (Cent)

Ⓐ again, ● again, (MS) again: (Cent)

Ⓐ done, ● done, (MS) done; (Cent)

Ⓐ narrow ● narrow break (MS) narrow (Cent)

Ⓐ break ● one (MS) break (Cent)

Ⓐ thirty-five ● 35 (MS) thirty-five (Cent)

Ⓐ shore— ● shore— (MS) shore; (Cent)

Ⓐ creeping ● walking creeping (MS) creeping (Cent)

Ⓐ few days ● fewdays or two (MS) few days (Cent)

Ⓐ butter-cask, ● butter-|cask, (MS) butter-cask; (Cent)

Ⓐ The . . . chips . . . wood . . . old, . . . added, . . . best.” ● The . . . chips of boot-leather and wood, . . . wood . . . old, . . . added, . . . best.” inserted on the verso with instructions to turn over (MS) The . . . chips, . . . wood, . . . old . . . added . . . best.” (Cent)

Ⓐ virtually ● practically (MS) virtually (Cent)

Ⓐ Sleeping, also, ● Sleeping, also, (MS) Sleeping also (Cent)

Ⓐ successfully ● successfully (MS) successfully (Cent)

Ⓐ overeating ● over-|eating (MS) overeating (Cent)

Ⓐ “Portyghee;” ● “Portyghee;” (MS) “Portyghee”; (Cent)

Ⓐ he escaped ● but he he escaped (MS) he escaped (Cent)

Ⓐ bananas; ● bananas; (MS) bananas: (Cent)

Ⓐ fifty-two ● fifty two (MS) fifty-two (Cent)

Ⓐ this ● I this (MS) this (Cent)

Ⓐ leather— ● leather— (MS) leather; (Cent)

Ⓐ a person ● a person (MS) person (Cent)

Ⓐ The Portyghee ● He The Portyghee (MS) The “Portyghee” (Cent)

Ⓐ well, and as ● well;, and as (MS) well, and as (Cent)

Ⓐ handkerchiefs, ● handkerchiefs, (MS) handkerchiefs (Cent)

Ⓐ gallantly, ● gallantly, (MS) gallantly (Cent)

Ⓐ brave ● brave (MS) brave, (Cent)

Ⓐ It . . . too— . . . days— . . . rescue. ● It . . . too— . . . days— . . . rescue. inserted on the verso with instructions to turn over (MS) It . . . too,— . . . days,— . . . rescue. (Cent)

Ⓐ four thousand ● 4000 (MS) four thousand (Cent)

Ⓐ thirty-three hundred and sixty ● 3360 (MS) thirty-three hundred and sixty (Cent)

Ⓐ days— ● days— (MS) days,— (Cent)

Ⓐ diaries— ● diaries— (MS) diaries,— (Cent)

Ⓐ Ferguson ● Ferguson, (MS) Ferguson (Cent)

Ⓐ doubt. Not even that knightly chief mate spared. ● doubt. Not even that knightly chief mate spared. (MS) doubt, not even sparing that knightly chief mate. (Cent)

Ⓐ These ● These ‖ ¶ These (MS) These (Cent)

Ⓐ unaffected; ● unaffected; (MS) unaffected, (Cent)

Ⓐ with . . . art ● with . . . art (MS) with . . . art (Cent)

Ⓐ intensity, ● intensity, (MS) intensity; (Cent)

Ⓐ you . . . rush, ● the reader along you . . . rush, (MS) you . . . rush, (Cent)

Ⓐ your . . . your ● his heart is in his your . . . your (MS) your . . . your (Cent)

Ⓐ mouth ● mouth (MS) mouth, (Cent)

Ⓐ you . . . been ● he you thinks it is him yourself that has b have been (MS) you . . . been (Cent)

Ⓐ sentences ● sentences convey (MS) sentences (Cent)

Ⓐ decay. ● affect. decay. (MS) decay. (Cent)

Ⓐ in that time. ● in that time. The tale they tell can defy dates—it will be always new. | Mark Twain | paraph in that time. (MS) in that time. (Cent)

Ⓐ Lost?—they ● Lost?—they (MS) Lost? They (Cent)

Ⓐ subtle ● subtle (MS) subtile (Cent)

Ⓐ Pompeian ● Pompeeian (MS) Pompeian (Cent)

Ⓐ say “poor ● say “poor (MS) say, “Poor (Cent)

Ⓐ thing, ● thing, (MS) thing! (Cent)

Ⓐ hour. Mark Twain | Vienna, October, 1898. ● hour. | Mark Twain | paraph | ¶ Vienna, October, 1898. revision presumably intended for magazine publication only (MS) hour. (Cent)

Explanatory Notes My Debut as a Literary Person*

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I had already published one little thing (“The Jumping Frog,”) in an eastern paper] “Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog” appeared in the New York Saturday Press of 18 November 1865. Clemens, who was living in San Francisco at that time, soon learned that his story was being praised and widely reprinted in the eastern press. In early 1867 he included it in his first book, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and Other Sketches, published in May (ET&S2, 262–72; 20 Jan 1866 to JLC and PAM, L1, 327–28, 330 n. 3).

Ⓔ

I selected Harper’s Monthly] Founded in 1850, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine had built its reputation by serializing the novels of famous British writers such as Dickens and Thackeray, later adding American contributions in fiction, travel, current events, and poetry. By 1866 it was “so very successful that we may well consider it an index to the literary culture and general character of the nation” (Mott 1938, 383–405).

Ⓔ

I signed it “Mark Twain,” . . . they put it Mike Swain or MacSwain] In Nevada Territory Clemens began signing his work “Mark Twain” in early February 1863, and his pseudonym gained wider recognition with the publication and frequent reprinting of the “Jumping Frog” tale (16 Feb 1863 to JLC and PAM, L1, 245–46 n. 1). “Forty-three Days in an Open Boat” appeared unsigned, however, in the December 1866 issue of Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (SLC 1866c), as did most of the articles by other contributors. The table of contents for volume 34 (which the December issue was part of) did not appear until May 1867; it attributed Clemens’s article to “Mark Swain.”

Ⓔ

burning of the clipper ship Hornet on the line, May 3d, 1866] The Hornet left New York, bound for San Francisco, on 15 January 1866. It burned and sank in the Pacific Ocean near the equator, about fifteen hundred miles off the coast of South America ( MTH , 102).

Ⓔ

New Englander of the best sea-going stock . . . Captain Josiah Mitchell] Josiah Angier Mitchell (1812?–76) of Freeport, Maine, was the first in his family to “make the sea his profession—as the result of a pleasant trip to Havana for his health when a boy” ( MTH, 107–8 n. 5).

Ⓔ

was in the Islands to write letters for the “weekly edition” . . . well-beloved men] The owners of the Sacramento Union —James Anthony, Paul Morrill, and Henry W. Larkin—engaged Clemens to write a series of letters from the Sandwich Islands. He left San Francisco on 7 March 1866 in the steamer Ajax, arriving in Honolulu eleven days later. Some details of Clemens’s arrangement with the Union are unclear. He told his mother and sister he would remain in the islands “a month” and write “twenty or thirty letters” for the paper; in the event he remained four months and wrote twenty-five letters, which appeared in both the daily and weekly editions ( RI 1993, 706–7; 5 Mar 1866 to JLC and PAM, L1, 333–34; MTH, 93, 256).

Ⓔ

I was laid up in my room] Clemens was suffering from saddle boils (mentioned in “Notes on ‘Innocents Abroad’ ”).

Ⓔ

his Excellency Anson Burlingame . . . good work for the United States] Anson Burlingame (1820–70) was a founder of the Republican Party and a Republican congressman from Massachusetts (1855–61). In 1861 he was appointed U.S. minister resident to China, and until the end of his term in 1867 he promoted diplomacy between China and the Western powers. In June 1866 he was en route to China after a leave of absence in the United States. When he died in 1870, Clemens praised him as a man who acted “in the broad interest of the world, instead of selfishly seeking to acquire advantages for his own country alone” (SLC 1870a; 21 June 1866 to JLC and PAM, L1, 345–46 n. 5; see also AD, 20 Feb 1906).

Ⓔ

my complete report . . . telegraphed to the New York papers. By Mr. Cash] Clemens mentioned the Hornet survivors briefly in a letter to the Sacramento Union dated 22 June, before they had traveled to Honolulu from their landing site on the island of Hawaii. His full report, datelined 25 June, was written after he had interviewed the survivors—primarily the third mate, John S. Thomas. It was carried to San Francisco on the schooner Milton Badger and appeared on the front page of the Sacramento Daily Union on 19 July 1866, under the headline “Burning of the Clipper Ship Hornet at Sea.” No information has been found about republication of the article in New York newspapers, or about “Mr. Cash” (SLC 1866b; SLC 1866c; MTH, 109–10; 27 June 1866 to JLC and PAM, L1, 348 n. 1).

Ⓔ

Within a fortnight the most of them took ship . . . I went in the same ship] The Hornet’s longboat landed on 15 June 1866; Clemens and the survivors departed Honolulu on the clipper Smyrniote on 19 July, more than a month later ( MTH, 107 n. 5; 19 July 1866 to Damon, L1, 349 n. 2).

Ⓔ

Samuel Ferguson . . . Henry Ferguson . . . a professor there] Samuel Ferguson (1837–66) and Henry Ferguson (1848–1917) were the sons of a New York businessman and grew up in Stamford, Connecticut. Henry resumed his studies at Trinity College, Hartford, graduated in 1868, and was ordained an Episcopal priest. From 1883 to 1906 he held a professorship in history and political science at the college. Although Clemens and Henry Ferguson both lived in Hartford in the 1880s they seem not to have been in contact until Clemens published “My Debut as a Literary Person” in 1899 (Hartford Courant: “Death of a Trinity College Graduate,” 4 Oct 1866, 8; “Prof. Ferguson Dies at His Home,” 31 Mar 1917, 9). Clemens’s use of the Fergusons’ diaries proved somewhat troublesome. In early October 1899, shortly before the article appeared, Clemens wrote to Gilder, “Can’t you send to Professor Henry Ferguson, Trinity College, Hartford, & get him to photograph a page or two of Samuel Ferguson’s Diary for reproduction?” (Oct 1899 to Gilder, TxU-Hu). Ferguson declined. When the article was published Ferguson wrote to Clemens, objecting to the use of the diaries, and Clemens offered to withdraw the piece from his forthcoming collection, The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (SLC 1900b). Ferguson, somewhat mollified, asked that future reprintings disguise the real names of the crewmen, that he himself be less “distinctly identified,” and that his brother Samuel’s ailment be called “lung fever” (pneumonia) instead of “consumption” (tuberculosis) (Ferguson to SLC, 10 Nov 1899, CtY-BR, and 8 Dec 1899, CU-MARK; 20 Nov 1899 to Ferguson and 21 Dec 1899 to Ferguson, CtY-BR). Clemens honored these requests; he also softened the language about mutiny, insanity, and cannibalism. His revisions were reflected in the texts published in The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and in a later reprinting, My Début as a Literary Person with Other Essays and Stories (SLC 1903a).

Ⓔ

There was a cry of fire . . . the vessel’s hours were numbered] The Hornet’s cargo was highly inflammable: it included 2,400 cases of kerosene and 6,200 boxes of candles (“Burning of the Ship Hornet,” New York Times, 22 Aug 1866, 2).

Ⓔ

Portyghee] “Antonio Possene” (the name recorded by Captain Mitchell) was apparently from the Cape Verde Islands, a Portuguese colony since the fifteenth century (Mitchell 1866; “Burning of the Ship Hornet,” New York Times, 22 Aug 1866, 2).

Ⓔ

soldiering] Malingering or shirking, more usually spelled as pronounced—“sogering” or “sodgering.”

Ⓔ

Bowditch’s Navigator . . . Nautical Almanac] The New American Practical Navigator, a manual of navigation, was first published by Nathaniel Bowditch in 1802. The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac has been published by the U.S. Naval Observatory since 1852.

Ⓔ

forty-gallon “scuttle-butt,”] Potable water on a ship was stored in a scuttled butt—that is, a cask with a hole in it. “Scuttlebutt” came to mean “gossip” because of the drinkers’ conversations.

Ⓔ

The captain and the two passengers kept diaries . . . chance to copy the diaries] The journals of all three men are extant, but the copies that Clemens made on board the Smyrniote do not survive (Mitchell 1866, Henry Ferguson 1866, Samuel Ferguson 1866). Although the diary quotations included in the 1866 Harper’s article (which he left virtually unaltered for the 1898 piece) were nearly all rephrased, abridged, or expanded, he did not invent any fictional embellishments.

Ⓔ

Revillagigedo islands] An uninhabited archipelago roughly three hundred miles south-southwest of the tip of Baja California.

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cobbling] Choppy.

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Clipperton Rock] Clipperton Rock surmounts a coral atoll roughly seven hundred miles southwest of Acapulco.

Ⓔ

the sun gives him a warning: “looking with both eyes, the horizon crossed thus x.”] Samuel Ferguson’s more explicit diary entry clarifies this remark: “Sun very hot indeed and gave me a warning to keep out of it in a very peculiar doubling of the sight with both eyes while with either one it seemed right. With both eyes the horizon crossed thus x” (Samuel Ferguson 1866, entry for 9 May).

Ⓔ

The captain spoke pretty sharply . . . remark in my old note-book] In his manuscript, Clemens began to quote the captain’s speech, and then canceled it: “You ought to be ashamed of yourselves that you have no proper thankfulness for the infinite mercies of God in these disciplinary days of sanctified peril.” This remark is not found in Clemens’s extant notebooks, but at least one notebook from this period is unrecovered.

Ⓔ

third mate, in the hospital at Honolulu] The third mate—Clemens’s chief informant—was John S. Thomas, whom Clemens characterized in his Sacramento Union report as “a very intelligent and a very cool and self-possessed young man” who “kept a very accurate log of his remarkable voyage in his head” ( N&J1, 100–102; SLC 1866c).

Ⓔ

The chief mate was an excellent officer . . . fine all-around man] The chief mate—Samuel F. Hardy of Chatham, Massachusetts—was responsible for starting the Hornet fire. Nevertheless, Clemens praised him generously throughout this account (SLC 1866c; “Burning of the Ship Hornet,” New York Times, 22 Aug 1866, 2; Mitchell 1866).

Ⓔ

it brought Cox . . . if it hadn’t, the diarist would never have seen the land again] See the note at 140.4–5.

Ⓔ

I wrote an article . . . urging temporary abstention from food] “Starvation” diets or, more usually, near-starvation diets were a feature of the nineteenth-century medical landscape. Since the 1880s Clemens had confidently recommended fasting as a cure for “any ordinary ailment.” The article he refers to here, “At the Appetite-Cure,” was published in the Cosmopolitan for August 1898 (SLC 1898b, 433; Ober 2003, 207–10).

Ⓔ

a banished duke—Danish] Clemens derived this information from Samuel Ferguson’s diary, which he quoted in his 1866 Harper’s article: “We have here a man who might have been a Duke had not political troubles banished him from Denmark” (SLC 1866d, 109). There was but one Dane in the longboat; he recorded his name at the end of Samuel’s diary as “Carl Henrich Kaatmann, geboren Augustenborg” (Samuel Ferguson 1866, entry for 30 Dec). The claim of the Prince of Augustenborg to the Danish dukedoms of Schleswig and Holstein sparked a European conflict that was widely reported in the 1860s (“What the European War Is About,” Circular 3 [11 June 1866]: 102).

Ⓔ

The isles we are steering for are put down in Bowditch . . . sailed straight over them] Although Bowditch’s Navigator locates a “Cluster of Islands” at 16–17° N, 133–136° W, they do not exist. The Hornet survivors gave up their search for them on 7 June, when they were slightly west of those coordinates (Bowditch 1854, 375).

Ⓔ

ten rations of water apiece] Captain Mitchell’s entry for 2 June actually reads “10 raisins apiece”; Clemens evidently misread it as “rations” and added “of water” to supply some kind of sense (Mitchell 1866).

Ⓔ

Cox’s return . . . the two young passengers would have been slain] The mention of James Cox is rendered somewhat cryptic by the omission of certain details. Here we are told that Cox’s return saved the captain and the passengers, but also that the crewmen resolved that they “would not kill” (140.26). Clemens’s 1866 Harper’s article asserts that the men were in fact prepared to kill, and that only Cox’s warning, and his vigilance, prevented them. Some of the sailors planned

to watch until such time as the Captain might become worn out and fall asleep, and then kill him and the passengers. They were afraid of Ferguson’s pistol and the Captain’s hatchet, and laid many a plan for getting hold of these weapons. They told Cox . . . they would kill him if he exposed them. He refused to join the conspiracy, and they said he should die; and so, after that, day after day and night after night, he did not go to sleep, but kept watch upon them in fear for his life. The Captain and passengers remained under arms, and watched also, but talked pleasantly, and gave no sign that they knew what was in the men’s minds. (SLC 1866d, 113)

Seaman Frederick Clough (“Fred,” 140.9)—implicated here in the “ugly talk” of mutiny and cannibalism—recalled these events rather differently in an article published in 1900: “We had almost reached the last chance then, and by this I mean the casting of lots for the sacrifice of one of us, so that the others might live to tell the story. To this agreement of a gamble for life or death all of us consented without the least hesitation” (Irvine 1900, 575). Captain Mitchell, for his part, noted laconically on 5 June: “A conspiracy formed to Murder me” (Mitchell 1866). According to a note made by Clemens while copying the diaries, “Capt. knew for days this murderous discontent was brewing by the distraught air of some of the men & the guilty look of others—& he staid on guard—slept no more—kept his hatchet hid & close at hand” ( N&J1, 173).

Ⓔ

‘From plague, pestilence, and famine, from battle and murder—and from sudden death: Good Lord deliver us!’] Henry quotes the Litany from the Book of Common Prayer.

Ⓔ

soup-and-bouillé] Clemens explained this term in his original dispatch to the Sacramento Union:

That last expression of the third mate’s occurred frequently during his narrative, and bothered me so painfully with its mysterious incomprehensibility, that at length I begged him to explain to me what this dark and dreadful “soup-and-bully” might be. With the Consul’s assistance he finally made me understand the French dish known as “soup bouillon” is put up in cans like preserved meats, and the American sailor is under the impression that its name is a sort of general title which describes any . . . edible whatever which is hermetically sealed in a tin vessel, and with that high contempt for trifling conventionalities which distinguishes his class, he has seen fit to modify the pronunciation into “soup-and-bully.” (SLC 1866c)

Ⓔ

rooster . . . effort to do his duty once more, and died in the act] This account is at variance with Clemens’s 1866 report to the Sacramento Union, in which he wrote that the rooster “was transferred to the chief mate’s boat and sailed away on the eighteenth day”; his fate was therefore unknown. Frederick Clough, who was in the longboat, recalled that when the rooster “sang for the last time and died, he was cast into the sea” (SLC 1866c; Irvine 1900, 576).

Ⓔ

If I remember rightly, Samuel Ferguson died soon after we reached San Francisco] Samuel died in San Francisco on 1 October 1866 (“Death of a Trinity College Graduate,” Hartford Courant, 4 Oct 1866, 8).

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