Explanatory Notes
Headnote
Apparatus Notes
Guide
MTPDocEd
Autobiographical Dictation, 8 February 1906 ❉ Textual Commentary

Source documents.

TS1      Typescript, leaves numbered 262–76, made from Hobby’s notes and revised.
TS2      Typescript, leaves numbered 408–21, made from the revised TS1.
TS3      Typescript, leaves numbered 10–23, made from the revised TS1 and further revised.
NAR 4pf      Galley proofs of NAR 4, typeset from the revised TS3 and further revised, ViU (the same extent as NAR 4).
NAR 4      North American Review 183 (19 October 1906), 710–16: ‘Along one . . . on truth.’ (341.16–346.17).


Clemens considered this dictation for possible publication through Samuel McClure’s newspaper syndicate, writing ‘M C (use it)’ in blue pencil on the first page of TS1; that notation was later partially erased (see the Introduction, p. 29). Harvey reviewed TS1 in August 1906 for possible publication in the NAR and selected the entire dictation. Hobby incorporated the revisions that Clemens made on TS1 into both TS2 (which was not further revised) and TS3. Clemens revised TS3 to serve as printer’s copy for the second section of NAR 4, where it follows excerpts from the AD of 7 February 1906 (see Contents and Pagination of TS3, Batch 3). Several of Clemens’s revisions on TS3 have not been adopted here, since they were clearly intended to soften the language for magazine publication. On TS1 he circled, in blue pencil, two occurrences of Susy Warner’s name; on TS3 he suppressed her name and first substituted ‘Tabitha Wilson’, and then ‘your wife’ and ‘that lady’ (see the entries for ‘Susy Warner’ at 346.4–5 and 346.9). Elsewhere, he altered ‘thieves’ to ‘buccaneers’ and deleted ‘Soapy Sall’ (see the entries at 342.33 and 345.34). On the first page of TS3, someone, presumably in an effort to understand the anecdote at 342.38–343.30, sketched the “spoon-shaped drive.”


Marginal Notes on TS1 and TS3 Concerning Publication in the NAR


Location on TS Writer, Medium Exact Transcription Explanation
TS1, p. 262 Harvey, pencil (later partially erased) Continue begin the excerpt at ‘Along one’ (341.16), following the excerpt from AD, 7 Feb 1906
TS1, pp. 264–65, 274 SLC, ink solid next to each extract use extract styling for the text from Susy’s biography
TS1, p. 276 Harvey, pencil (later partially erased) End end the excerpt at ‘on truth.’ (346.17)
TS3, p. 10 unidentified NAR editor, pencil 1880 to 1885  
TS3, p. 10 Munro, pencil dateline and summary paragraph deleted  
TS3, pp. 12, 21–23 Munro, pencil Minion next to each extract use extract styling for the text from Susy’s biography
Thursday, Februaryapparatus note 8, 1906

Susyapparatus note Clemens’s Biographyapparatus note, continued—Romancer to the children—Incident of the spoon-shaped drive—The burglar alarm does its whole duty.

Along one side of the library, in the Hartford home, the bookshelves joined the mantelpiece—in fact there were shelves on both sides of the mantelpiece. On these shelves, and on the mantelpiece, stood various ornaments. At one end of the procession was a framed oil paintingapparatus note of a cat’s head, at the other end was a head of a beautiful young girl, life-size—apparatus notecalled Emmeline, because she looked just about like that—apparatus notean impressionist water-colorexplanatory note. Between the one picture and the other there were twelve or fifteen of the bric-à-bracapparatus note things already mentioned, also an oil painting by Elihu Vedder, “The Young Medusa.”apparatus note explanatory note Every now and then the children required me to construct a romance—always impromptu—not a moment’s preparation permitted—and into that romance I had to getapparatus note all that bric-à-bracapparatus note and the threeapparatus note pictures. I had to start always with the cat and finish with Emmeline. I was never allowed the refreshment of a change, end-for-endapparatus note. It was not permissible to introduce a bric-à-bracapparatus note ornament into the story out of its place in the procession.

Theseapparatus note bric-à-bracsapparatus note were never allowed a peaceful day, a reposeful day, a restful Sabbath. In their lives there was no Sabbath,apparatus note inapparatus note their lives there was no peace; theyapparatus note knew no existence but a monotonous career of violence and bloodshed. In the course of time, the bric-à-bracapparatus note and the pictures showed wear. It was because they had hadapparatus note so many and such tumultuousapparatus note adventures in their romantic careers.

As romancer to the children I had a hard time, even from the beginning. If they brought me a picture, in a magazine,apparatus note and required me to build a story to it, they would cover the rest of the page with their pudgy hands to keep me from stealing an idea from it. The stories had to come hot from the bat, always. They had to be absolutely original and fresh. Sometimes the children furnished me simply a character or two, or a dozen, and required me to start out at [begin page 342] once on that slim basis and deliver those characters up to a vigorous and entertaining life of crime. If they heard of a new trade, or an unfamiliar animal, or anything like that, I was pretty sure to have to deal with those things in the next romance. Once Clara required me to build a sudden tale out of a plumber and a “bawgunstrictorapparatus note,” and I had to do it. She didn’t know what a boa-constrictor was,apparatus note until he developed in the tale—then she was better satisfied with it than ever.

From Susy’s Biography.apparatus note

Papa’sapparatus note favorite game is billiards, and when he is tiredapparatus note and wishes to rest himself he stays up all night and plays billiards, it seems to rest his head. He smokes a great deal almost incessantly. He has the mind of an author exactly, some of the simplest things he cant understand. Our burglar alarmapparatus note explanatory note is often out of order, and papa had been obliged to take the mahogany-roomapparatus note off from the alarm altogether for a time, because the burglar alarmapparatus note had been in the habit of ringing even when the mahogany-roomapparatus note window was closed. At length he thought that perhaps the burglar alarmapparatus note might be in order, and he decided to try and see; accordingly he put it on and then went down and opened the window; consequently the alarm bell rang, it would even if the alarm had been in order. Papa went despairingly upstairsapparatus note and said to mamma, “Livyapparatus note the mahogany-room won’t go on. I have just opened the window to see.”apparatus note

“Whyapparatus note, Youth,”apparatus note mamma replied “ifapparatus note you’ve opened the window, why of coarse the alarm will ring!”apparatus note

“That’sapparatus note what I’ve opened it for, why I just went down to see if it would ring!”apparatus note

Mamma tried to explain to papa that when he wanted to go and see whether the alarm would ring while the window was closed he mustn’t go and open the window—but in vain, papa couldn’t understand, and got very impatient with mamma for trying to make him believe an impossible thing true.apparatus note

This is a frank biographer, and an honest one; she uses no sandpaper on me. I have, to this day, the same dull head in the matter of conundrums and perplexities which Susyapparatus note had discovered in those long-gone days. Complexities annoy me; theyapparatus note irritate me; then this progressive feeling presently warms into anger. I cannot get far in the reading of the commonest and simplest contract—with its “parties of the first part,” and “parties of the second part,” and “parties of the third part,”—beforeapparatus note my temper is all gone. Ashcroftexplanatory note comes up here every day and pathetically tries to make me understand the points of the lawsuit which we are conducting against Henry Buttersapparatus note, Harold Wheeler, and the rest of those Plasmon thievesexplanatory note,apparatus note but daily he has to give it up. It is pitiful to see, when he bends his earnest and appealing eyes upon me and says, after one of his efforts, “Now you do understand that, don’t you?”

I am always obliged to sayapparatus note “I don’t, Ashcroft. I wish I could understand it, but I don’t. Send for the cat.”

In the days which Susyapparatus note is talking about, a perplexity fell to my lot one day. F. G. Whitmore was my business agent, and he brought me out from town in his buggy. We drove by the porte-cochèreapparatus note and toward the stable. Now this was a singleapparatus note road, and was like a spoon whose handle stretched from the gate to a great round flower-bed in the neighborhood of the stable. At the approach to the flower-bed the road divided and circumnavigated it, making a loop, which I [begin page 343] have likened to the bowl of the spoon.apparatus note As we neared the loop,apparatus note I saw that Whitmore was laying his course to port, (I was sitting on the starboard side—the side the house was on),apparatus note and was going to start around that spoon-bowlapparatus note on that left-handapparatus note side. I said,

“Don’tapparatus note do that, Whitmore; take the right-hand side. Then I shall be next to the house when we get to the door.”

He said,apparatus note Thatapparatus note will notapparatus note happen in anyapparatus note case, itapparatus note doesn’t make any difference which wayapparatus note I go around this flower-bed.”

I explained to him that he was an ass, but he stuck to his proposition, and I said,

“Goapparatus note on and try it, and see.”

He went on and tried it, and sure enough he fetched me up at the door on the very sideapparatus note that he had saidapparatus note I would be. I was not able to believe it then, and I don’t believe it yet.

I said,apparatus note “Whitmore, that is merely an accident.apparatus note You can’t do it again.”

Heapparatus note said he could—and heapparatus note drove down into the street, fetched around, came back, and actuallyapparatus note did it again. I was stupefied, paralysedapparatus note, petrified, with these strange results, but they did not convince me. I didn’t believe he could do it another time,apparatus note but he did. He said he could do it all day, and fetch up the same way every time. Byapparatus note that time my temper was gone, and I asked him to go home and apply to the asylumapparatus note and I would pay the expenses;apparatus note I didn’t want to see him any more for a week.

Iapparatus note went up stairsapparatus note in a rage and started to tell Livyapparatus note about it, expecting to get her sympathy for me and to breed aversion in her for Whitmore; but she merely burst into peal after peal of laughter, as theapparatus note tale of my adventure went on, for her head was like Susy’s: riddlesapparatus note and complexities had no terrors for it. Her mind and Susy’sapparatus note were analytical;apparatus note I have tried to make it appear that mine was different. Many and many a time I have told that buggy experiment, hoping against hope that I would some time or other find somebody who would be on my side,apparatus note but it has never happened. And I am never able to go glibly forward and state the circumstances of that buggy’s progress without having to halt and considerapparatus note, and call up in my mind the spoon-handleapparatus note, the bowl of the spoon, the buggy and the horse, and my position in the buggy:apparatus note and the minute I have got that far and try to turn it to the left it goes to ruin;apparatus note I can’t see how it is ever going to fetch me out right when we get to the doorexplanatory note. Susyapparatus note is right in her estimate. I can’t understand things.

That burglar alarmapparatus note which Susyapparatus note mentions led a gay and careless life, and had no principles. It was generally out of order at one point or another;apparatus note and there was plenty of opportunity, because all the windows and doors in the house, from the cellar up to the top floorapparatus note, were connected with it. However, inapparatus note its seasons of being out of order it could trouble us for only a very little while: weapparatus note quickly found out that it was fooling us,apparatus note and that it was buzzing its blood-curdlingapparatus note alarm merely for its own amusement. Then we would shut it off, andapparatus note send to New York for the electrician—there not being one in all Hartford in those days. Whenapparatus note the repairs were finished we would set the alarm again and re-establish our confidence in it. It never did any real business except upon one single occasion. All the rest of its expensive career was frivolous and without purpose. Just that one time it performed its duty, and its whole duty—gravely, seriously, admirably. It let fly about two o’clock one black and dreary Marchapparatus note morning, and I turned out promptly, because I knew that it was not fooling, this time. The bath-room door was on my [begin page 344] side of the bed. I stepped in there, turned up the gas, looked at the annunciatorapparatus note, andapparatus note turned off the alarm—so far as the door indicated was concerned—thus stopping the racket. Then I came back to bed. Mrs. Clemens opened the debate:apparatus note

“Whatapparatus note was it?”

“Itapparatus note was the cellar door.”

“Wasapparatus note it a burglar, do you think?”

“Yes,” I said, “ofapparatus note course it was. Didapparatus note you suppose it was a Sunday-school superintendent?”

“No. Whatapparatus note do you suppose he wants?”

“Iapparatus note suppose he wants jewelry, but he is not acquainted with the house and he thinks it is in the cellar. I don’t like to disappoint a burglar whom I am not acquainted with, and who has done me no harm, but if he had had common sagacity enough to inquire, I could have told him we kept nothing down there but coal and vegetables. Still it may be that he is acquainted with thisapparatus note place, and that what he really wants is coal and vegetables. On the whole, I think it is vegetables he is after.”apparatus note

“Areapparatus note you going down to see?”

“No; Iapparatus note could not be of any assistance. Let him select for himself; I don’t know where the things are.”apparatus note

Then she said,apparatus note “But suppose he comes up to the ground floor!”

“That’sapparatus note all right. We shall know it the minute he opens a door on that floor. It will set off the alarm.”

Just then the terrific buzzing broke out again. I said,

“Heapparatus note has arrived. I toldapparatus note you he would. I know all about burglars and their ways. They are systematic people.”apparatus note

I went into the bath-room to see if I was right, and I was. I shut off the dining roomapparatus note and stopped the buzzing,apparatus note and came back to bed. My wife said,apparatus note

“What do you suppose he is after now?”

I said,apparatus note “I think he has got all the vegetables he wantsapparatus note and is coming up for napkin-rings and odds and ends for the wife and childrenapparatus note. They all have families—burglars have—and they are always thoughtful of them, always take a few necessaries of life for themselves, and fill out withapparatus note tokens of remembrance for the family. In taking them they do not forget us: thoseapparatus note very things represent tokens of his remembrance of us, and also of our remembrance of him.apparatus note We never get them again; theapparatus note memory of the attention remains embalmed in our hearts.”

“Areapparatus note you going down to see what it is he wants now?”

“No,” I said, “Iapparatus note am no more interested than I was before. Theyapparatus note are experienced people,—burglars; theyapparatus note know what they want;apparatus note I should be no help to him. I think he isapparatus note after ceramics and bric-à-bracapparatus note and such things. If he knows the house he knows that that is all that he can find on the dining roomapparatus note floor.”

She said, with a strong interest perceptible in her tone,apparatus note “Suppose he comes up here!”

I said,apparatus note “It is all right. He will give us notice.”

“Whatapparatus note shall we do then?”

“Climbapparatus note out of the window.”

She said, a little restively, “Well,apparatus note what is the use of a burglar alarmapparatus note for us?”

[begin page 345]

“Youapparatus note have seen, dear heart,apparatus note that it has been useful up to the present moment, and I have explained to you how it will be continuously useful after he gets up here.”

That was the end of it. He didn’t ring any more alarms. Presentlyapparatus note I said,

“Heapparatus note is disappointed, I think. He has gone off with the vegetables and the bric-à-brac,apparatus note and I think he is dissatisfied.”

We went to sleep, and at a quarter before eight in the morning I was out, and hurrying, for I was to take the 8.29apparatus note train for New York. I found the gas burning brightly—full head—all over the first floor. My new overcoat was gone; my old umbrella was gone; my new patent-leather shoes, which I had never worn, were gone. The large window which opened into the ombraapparatus note explanatory note at the rear of the house was standing wide. I passed out through it and tracked the burglar down the hill through the trees; tracked him without difficulty, because he had blazed his progress with imitation silver napkin-rings,apparatus note and my umbrella, and various other things which he had disapproved of; and I went back in triumph and proved to my wife that he was a disappointed burglar. I had suspected he would be, from the start, and from his not coming up to our floor to get human beings.

Things happened to me that day in New York. I will tell about them another time.

From Susy’s Biography.apparatus note

Papaapparatus note has a peculiar gait we like, it seems just to sute him, but most people do not; he always walks up and down the room while thinking and between each coarse at meals.apparatus note

A lady distantly related to us came to visit us once in those days. She came to stay a week, but all our efforts to make her happy failed, weapparatus note could not imagine why, and she got up her anchor and sailed the next morning.apparatus note We did much guessing, but could not solve the mystery. Later we found out what the trouble was. It was my tramping up and down between the courses. She conceived the idea that I could not stand her society.

That word “Youth,” as the reader has perhaps already guessed, was my wife’s pet name for me. It was gently satirical, but also affectionate. I had certain mental and material peculiarities and customs proper to a much younger person than I was.

From Susy’s Biography.apparatus note

Papaapparatus note is very fond of animals particularly of cats, we had a dear little gray kitten once that he named “Lazy”apparatus note (papa always wears gray to match his hair and eyes) and he would carry him around on his shoulder, it was a mighty pretty sight! the gray cat sound asleep against papa’s gray coat and hair. The names that he has given our different cats, are realy remarkably funny, they are namely Stray Kit, Abner, Motley, Fraeuleinapparatus note, Lazy, Bufalo Bill, Soapy Sall,apparatus note Cleveland, Sour Mash, and Pestilence and Famine.apparatus note

At one time when the children were small, we had a very black mother-catapparatus note named Satan, and Satan had a small black offspring named Sin. Pronouns were a difficulty for the children. Little Clara came in one day, her black eyes snapping with indignation, and said,

“Papaapparatus note, Satan ought to be punished. She is out there at the greenhouse and there she stays and stays, and his kitten is down stairsapparatus note crying.”apparatus note

[begin page 346]

From Susy’s Biography.apparatus note

Papaapparatus note uses very strong language, but I have an idea not nearly so strong as when he first maried mamma. A lady acquaintance of his is rather apt to interupt what one is saying, and papa told mamma that he thought he should say to the lady’s husband “Iapparatus note am glad Susy Warnerexplanatory note apparatus note wasn’t present when the Deity said ‘Letapparatus note there be light.’ ”apparatus note

It is as I have said before. This is a frank historian. She doesn’t cover up one’s deficiencies, but gives them an equal showing with one’s handsomer qualities. Of course I made the remark which she has quoted—and even at this distant day I am still as much as half persuaded that if Susy Warnerapparatus note had been present when the Creator said “Let there be light” she would have interrupted Him and we shouldn’t ever have got it.apparatus note

From Susy’s Biography.apparatus note

Papaapparatus note said the other day, “Iapparatus note am a mugwump and a mugwump is pure from the marrow out.”apparatus note (Papa knows that I am writing this biography of him, and he said this for it.) He doesn’t like to go to church at all, why I never understood, until just now, he told us the other day that he couldn’t bear to hear any one talk but himself, but that he could listen to himself talk for hours without getting tired, of course he said this in joke, but I’ve no doughtapparatus note it was founded on truth.apparatus note

Revisions, Variants Adopted or Rejected, and Textual Notes Thursday, February 8, 1906
  title February ●  Feb. (TS1, TS2, TS3) 
  Susy ●  (Susie y  (TS1-Hobby)  Susy (TS2, TS3) 
  Biography ●  biography (TS1, TS2, TS3) 
  oil painting ●  oil painting (TS1, TS2, TS3)  oil-painting (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  life-size— ●  life-size, (TS1, TS2)  life-size,  (TS3-SLC)  life-size— (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  she looked just about like that— ●  that wasn’t her her name Hobby canceled the redundant ‘her’; ‘wasn’t’ originally wasn’t ; underscore canceled by SLC  (TS1-Hobby + SLC)  that wasn’t her name— (TS2)  that wasn’t her name— she looked just about like that—  (TS3-SLC)  she looked just about like that— (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  bric-à-brac ●  bric-a à-brac accent added  (TS1-Hobby, TS2-Hobby)  bric-a-brac (TS3)  bric-à-brac (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  mentioned, also an oil painting by Elihu Vedder, “The Young Medusa.” ●  mentioned. , also an oil painting by Elihu Vedder, “t The Young Medusa.” ‘t’ underscored three times by Hobby to capitalize  (TS1-Hobby + SLC)  mentioned, also an oil painting by Elihu Vedder, “The Young Medusa.” (TS2, TS3)  mentioned; also an oil-painting by Elihu Vedder, “The Young Medusa.” (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  get ●  get in  (TS1-SLC)  get (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  bric-à-brac ●  bric-a à-brac accent added  (TS1-Hobby, TS2-Hobby)  bric-a à-brac accent added  (TS3-SLC)  bric-à-brac (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  three ●  two three  (TS1-SLC)  three (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  end-for-end ●  end for end (TS1, TS2)  end-for-end (TS3-SLC)  end-for-end (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  bric-à-brac ●  bric-a à-brac accent added  (TS1-Hobby, TS2-Hobby)  bric-a à-brac accent added  (TS3-SLC)  bric-à-brac (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  These ●  no These (TS1, TS2)  These (TS3-SLC)  These (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  bric-à-bracs ●  “bric-or-bracers” bric-à-bracs  (TS1-SLC)  bric-a à-bracs accent added  (TS2-Hobby)  bric-à-bracs accent added  (TS3-SLC)  bric-à-bracs (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  In their lives there was no Sabbath, ●  In their lives there was no Sabbath. (TS1)  not in  (TS2)  In their lives there was no Sabbath. ,  (TS3-SLC)  In their lives there was no Sabbath, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  in ●  In (TS1, TS2)  I in ‘I’ marked for lowercase with a slash and ‘l.c.’  (TS3-SLC)  in (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  peace; they ●  peace. They (TS1, TS2)  peace; . T they period mended to a semicolon  (TS3-SLC)  peace; they (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  bric-à-brac ●  bric-a à-brac accent added  (TS1-Hobby, TS2-Hobby)  bric-a à-brac accent added  (TS3-SLC)  bric-a à-brac (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  had had ●  had had (TS1, TS2, NAR 4)  had had  (TS3-SLC)  had had (NAR 4pf-SLC) 
  tumultuous ●  violent (TS1, TS2)  violent tumultuous  (TS3-SLC)  tumultuous (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  picture, in a magazine, ●  picture (TS1, TS2)  picture, in a magazine,  (TS3-SLC)  picture, in a magazine, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  bawgunstrictor ●  bawgun-strictor (TS1-SLC)  bawgunstrictor (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  was, ●  was (TS1, TS2)  was,  (TS3-SLC)  was, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  From Susy’s Biography. ●  From Susy’s Biography. (sub-head.)  (TS1-SLC)  From Susy’s Biography. (sub-head). (TS2)  From Susy’s Biography. originally ‘From Susy’s Biography.’; underscored  (TS3-Munro)  From Susy’s Biography. (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Papa’s ●  “Papa’s (TS1, TS2)  Papa’s (TS3-SLC)  Papa’s (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  tired ●  tired,  (TS1-SLC)  tired (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  burglar alarm ●  burglar alarm (TS1, TS2, TS3)  burglar-alarm (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  mahogany-room ●  mahogany-room (TS1-Hobby)  mahogany-room (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  burglar alarm ●  burglar alarm (TS1, TS2, TS3)  burglar-alarm (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  mahogany-room ●  mahogany-room (TS1-Hobby)  mahogany-room (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  burglar alarm ●  burglar alarm (TS1, TS2, TS3)  burglar-alarm (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  upstairs ●  up- | stairs (TS1)  up-stairs (TS2)  upstairs (TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “Livy ●  ‘Livy (TS1, TS2)  Livy single quotation mark mended to double  (TS3-SLC)  “Livy (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  see.” ●  see.’ (TS1, TS2)  see. single quotation mark mended to double  (TS3-SLC)  see.” (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “Why ●  ‘Why (TS1, TS2)  Why single quotation mark mended to double  (TS3-SLC)  “Why (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Youth,” ●  Youth, * footnote inserted and canceled at foot of page: * Pet name for me. M. T.  (TS1-SLC)  Youth,’ (TS2)  Youth, single quotation mark mended to double  (TS3-SLC)  Youth,” (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “if ●  ‘if (TS1, TS2)  if single quotation mark mended to double  (TS3-SLC)  “if (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  ring!” ●  ring!’ (TS1, TS2)  ring! single quotation mark mended to double  (TS3-SLC)  ring!” (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “That’s ●  ‘That’s (TS1, TS2)  That’s single quotation mark mended to double  (TS3-SLC)  “That’s (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  ring!” ●  ring!’ (TS1, TS2)  ring! single quotation mark mended to double  (TS3-SLC)  ring!” (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  true. ●  true.” (TS1, TS2)  true.  (TS3-SLC)  true. (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Susy ●  Susie y  (TS1-SLC)  Susy (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  they ●  then (TS1, TS2)  then y  (TS3-SLC)  they (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  before ●  not in  (TS1, TS2)  before  (TS3-SLC)  before (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Butters ●  Butters Hobby queried this word on TS1, and SLC canceled her query  (TS1-Hobby + SLC, TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  thieves, ●  thieves, (TS1, TS2)  thieves, buccaneers,  (TS3-SLC)  bucaneers, (NAR 4pf)  buccaneers, (NAR 4) 
  say ●  say (TS1, TS2, TS3)  say, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Susy ●  Susie y  (TS1-SLC)  Susy (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  porte-cochère ●  porte-coche ère accent added  (TS1-Hobby, TS2-Hobby)  porte-coche ère accent added by SLC; Munro added the underscore  (TS3-SLC + Munro)  porte-cochère  (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  single  ●  single ‘single’ underscored  (TS1-SLC)  single  (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  spoon. ●  spoon. I was sitting on the starboard side. (TS1, TS2)  spoon. I was sitting on the starboard side.  (TS3-SLC)  spoon. (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  loop, ●  loop, I sitting, as I say, on the starboard side (and that was the side on which the house was) (TS1-SLC)  loop, I sitting, as I say, on the starboard side (and that was the side on which the house was) (TS2)  loop, I was sitting, as I say, on the starboard side (and that was the side on which the house was)  (TS3-SLC)  loop, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  port, (I was . . . on), ●  port, (TS1, TS2)  port, (I was sitting on the starboard side—the side the house was on), SLC canceled ‘starboard’, then restored it with the instruction ‘STET’; Munro wrote ‘starboard’ in the margin for clarification  (TS3-SLC + Munro)  port, (I was sitting on the starboard side—the side of the house was on) , Munro canceled ‘of’; SLC canceled the unidentified mark  (NAR 4pf-Munro + SLC)  port, (I was sitting on the starboard side—the side the house was on), (NAR 4) 
  spoon-bowl ●  spoon-bowl (TS1, TS2, TS3, NAR 4)  spoon-bowl (NAR 4pf-SLC) 
  left-hand ●  left- | hand (TS1)  left-hand (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, “Don’t ●  said no “Don’t (TS1, TS2)  said, ¶ “Don’t (TS3-SLC)  said, “Don’t (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, ●  said (TS1, TS2)  said,  (TS3-SLC)  said, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  That  ●  That (TS1, TS2)  That ‘That’ underscored  (TS3-SLC)  That  (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  will not ●  will (TS1, TS2)  will not  (TS3-SLC)  will not (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  any  ●  any (TS1, TS2)  any ‘any’ underscored  (TS3-SLC)  any  (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  case, it ●  case. It (TS1, TS2)  case. , I it ‘I’ marked for lowercase with a slash and ‘l.c.’  (TS3-SLC)  case, it (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  way ●  way (TS1, TS2, NAR 4pf, NAR 4)  was y  (TS3-SLC) 
  said, “Go ●  said no “Go (TS1, TS2)  said, “Go (TS3-SLC)  said, “Go (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  very side ●  side (TS1, TS2)  very side (TS3-SLC)  very side (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  had said ●  said (TS1, TS2)  had said (TS3-SLC)  had said (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  yet. I said, ●  yet. no I said (TS1, TS2)  yet. I said,  (TS3-SLC)  yet. I said, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  accident. ●  accident.  (TS1-SLC)  accident. (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  again.” He ●  again. no He (TS1-SLC)  again.” no He (TS2)  again.” He (TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  he ●  we (TS1, TS2)  we he  (TS3-SLC)  he (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  back, and actually ●  back— (TS1, TS2)  back , and actually  (TS3-SLC)  back, and actually (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  paralysed ●  paralyzed (TS1, TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR4) 
  another time, ●  again, another time,  (TS1-SLC)  another time, (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  time. By ●  time—and by (TS1, TS2)  time. — and b By (TS3-SLC)  time. By (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  asylum ●  Asylum (TS1, TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  expenses; ●  expenses. (TS1, TS2)  expenses. ; period mended to a semicolon  (TS3-SLC)  expenses; (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  week. I ●  week. no I (TS1, TS2)  week. I (TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  up stairs ●  upstairs (TS1, TS2, TS3)  up-stairs (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Livy ●  Livy (TS1, TS2, TS3, NAR 4)  Le ivy (NAR 4pf-SLC) 
  the ●  my the  (TS1-SLC)  the (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Susy’s: riddles ●  Susie y’s. Riddles (TS1-SLC)  Susy’s. Riddles (TS2)  Susy’s: . R riddles period mended to a colon; ‘R’ marked for lowercase with a slash and ‘l.c.’  (TS3-SLC)  Susy’s: riddles (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Susy’s ●  Susie y’s (TS1-SLC)  Susy’s (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  analytical; ●  analytical. (TS1, TS2)  analytical. ; period mended to a semicolon  (TS3-SLC)  analytical; (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  side, ●  side— (TS1, TS2)  side ,  (TS3-SLC)  side, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  consider ●  consider (TS1, TS2, TS3, NAR 4)  consider (NAR 4pf-SLC) 
  spoon-handle ●  spoon handle (TS1, TS2, TS3)  spoon-handle (NAR 4pf-SLC)  spoon-handle (NAR 4) 
  buggy: ●  buggy— (TS1, TS2)  buggy :  (TS3-SLC)  buggy: (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  ruin; ●  ruin. (TS1, TS2)  ruin. ; period mended to a semicolon  (TS3-SLC)  ruin; (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Susy ●  Susie y  (TS1-SLC)  Susy (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  burglar alarm ●  burglar alarm (TS1, TS2, TS3)  burglar-alarm (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Susy ●  Susie y  (TS1-SLC)  Susy (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  another; ●  another, (TS1, TS2)  another, ; comma mended to a semicolon  (TS3-SLC)  another; (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  top floor ●  top-floor (TS1, TS2, TS3)  top floor (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  However, in ●  In (TS1, TS2)  However, I in insertion by SLC; ‘I’ marked for lowercase by Munro  (TS3-SLC + Munro)  However, in (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  while: we ●  while. We (TS1, TS2)  while. : W we period mended to a colon; ‘W’ marked for lowercase with a slash and ‘l.c.’  (TS3-SLC)  while: we (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  us, ●  us (TS1, TS2)  us,  (TS3-SLC)  us, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  blood-curdling ●  blood-curdling (TS1-SLC)  blood-curdling (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  and ●  and  (TS1-SLC)  and (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  When ●  Then when (TS1, TS2)  Then w When (TS3-SLC)  When (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  March ●  March February ‘March’ deleted, then restored with the instruction ‘stet’  (TS1-SLC)  March (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  annunciator ●  e annunciator (TS1-SLC)  annunciator (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  and ●  not in  (TS1, TS2)  and  (TS3-SLC)  and (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  bed. Mrs. Clemens opened the debate: ●  bed. (TS1, TS2)  bed. Mrs. Clemens opened the debate:  (TS3-SLC)  bed. Mrs. Clemens opened the debate: (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “What ●  Mrs. Clemens said “What (TS1, TS2)  Mrs. Clemens said, “What (TS3-SLC)  “What (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “It ●  I said “It (TS1, TS2)  I said “It (TS3-SLC)  “It (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “Was ●  She said “Was (TS1, TS2)  She said “Was (TS3-SLC)  “Was (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  of ●  Of (TS1, TS2, TS3)  of (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Did ●  Do (TS1, TS2)  Do Did  (TS3-SLC)  Did (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “No. What ●  She said “What (TS1, TS2)  She said “No. What (TS3-SLC)  “No. What (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “I ●  I said “I (TS1, TS2)  I said “I (TS3-SLC)  “I (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  this ●  this (TS1, TS2)  the (TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  after.” ●  after.  (TS1-SLC)  after.” (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “Are ●  She said “Are (TS1, TS2)  She said “Are (TS3-SLC)  “Are (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “No; I ●  “No,” I said “I (TS1, TS2)  “No, ; ” I said “I comma mended to a semicolon  (TS3-SLC)  “No; I (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  himself; I don’t know where the things are.” ●  himself.” (TS1, TS2)  himself.” ; I don’t know where the things are.” period mended to a semicolon  (TS3-SLC)  himself; I don’t know where the things are.” (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, ●  said (TS1, TS2)  said,  (TS3-SLC)  said, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “That’s ●  I said “That’s (TS1, TS2)  I said “That’s (TS3-SLC)  “That’s (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, “He ●  said no “He (TS1, TS2)  said, “He (TS3-SLC)  said, “He (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  told  ●  told  (TS1, TS2)  told typed underscore of told canceled  (TS3-SLC)  told (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  people.” ●  people.” (TS1, TS2)  people.”  (TS3-SLC)  people.” (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  dining room ●  dining-room (TS1, TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  buzzing, ●  buzzing (TS1, TS2)  buzzing,  (TS3-SLC)  buzzing, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, ●  said (TS1, TS2)  said,  (TS3-SLC)  said, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, ●  said (TS1, TS2)  said,  (TS3-SLC)  said, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  wants ●  wanted s  (TS1-SLC)  wants (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  children ●  the children (TS1, TS2)  the children (TS3-SLC)  children (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  fill out with ●  the rest is (TS1, TS2)  the rest is fill out with  (TS3-SLC)  fill out with (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  us: those ●  us. Those (TS1, TS2)  us: . T those period mended to a colon  (TS3-SLC)  us: those (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  us, and also of our remembrance of him. ●  us also. (TS1, TS2)  us, also. and also of our remembrance of him.  (TS3-SLC)  us, and also of our remembrance of him. (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  again; the ●  again. The (TS1, TS2)  again; . T the period mended to a semicolon  (TS3-SLC)  again; the (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “Are ●  She said “Are (TS1, TS2)  She said “Are (TS3-SLC)  “Are (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “I ●  I (TS1, TS2, TS3)  “I (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  They ●  These (TS1, TS2)  These y  (TS3-SLC)  They (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  people,—burglars; they  ●  people. They  (TS1, TS2)  people. ,—burglars; T they  (TS3-SLC)  people,—burglars; they  (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  want; ●  want. (TS1, TS2)  want. ; period mended to a semicolon  (TS3-SLC)  want; (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  is ●  is | is  (TS1-Hobby)  is (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  bric-à-brac ●  bric-a à-brac accent added  (TS1-Hobby, TS2-Hobby)  bric-a à-brac accent added  (TS3-SLC)  bric-à-brac (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  dining room ●  dining-room (TS1, TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, . . . tone, ●  said (TS1, TS2)  said, with a strong interest perceptible in her tone,  (TS3-SLC)  said, with a strong interest perceptible in her tone, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, ●  said (TS1, TS2)  said,  (TS3-SLC)  said, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “What ●  She said “What (TS1, TS2)  She said “What (TS3-SLC)  “What (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “Climb ●  I said “Climb (TS1, TS2)  I said “Climb (TS3-SLC)  “Climb (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, a little restively, “Well, ●  said “Well (TS1, TS2)  said, a little restively, “Well,  (TS3-SLC)  said, a little restively, “Well, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  burglar alarm ●  burglar alarm (TS1, TS2, TS3)  burglar- | alarm (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “You ●  I said “You (TS1, TS2)  I said “You (TS3-SLC)  “You (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  seen, dear heart, ●  seen (TS1, TS2)  seen, dear heart,  (TS3-SLC)  seen, dear heart, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  alarms. no Presently ●  alarms. Presently (TS1, TS2)  alarms. no Presently (TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, “He ●  said no “He (TS1, TS2)  said, “He (TS3-SLC)  said, “He (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  bric-à-brac, ●  bric-a à-brac accent added  (TS1-Hobby, TS2-Hobby)  bric-a à-brac, accent added  (TS3-SLC)  bric-à-brac, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  8.29 ●  8-29 (TS1)  8:29 (TS2)  8- .29 (TS3-SLC)  8.29 (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  ombra ●  ombra (TS1, TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf)  ombra  (NAR 4) 
  napkin-rings, ●  napkin-rings (TS1, TS2)  napkin-rings,  (TS3-SLC)  napkin-rings, (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  From Susy’s Biography.  ●  From Susy’s Biography.  (TS1-SLC)  From Susy’s Biography. (TS2)  From Susy’s Biography. ‘From Susy’s Biography.’ underscored  (TS3-Munro)  From Susy’s Biography.  (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Papa ●  “Papa (TS1, TS2)  Papa (TS3-SLC)  Papa (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  meals. ●  meals.” (TS1, TS2)  meals.  (TS3-SLC)  meals. (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  we ●  and we (TS1, TS2)  and we (TS3-SLC)  we (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  why, and . . . morning. ●  why. (TS1, TS2)  why. , and she got up her anchor and sailed the next morning.  (TS3-SLC)  why, and . . . morning. (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  From Susy’s Biography. ●  From Susy’s Biography.  (TS1-SLC)  From Susy’s Biography. (TS2)  From Susy’s Biography. ‘From Susy’s Biography.’ underscored  (TS3-Munro)  From Susy’s Biography.  (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Papa ●  “Papa (TS1, TS2)  Papa (TS3-SLC)  Papa (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “Lazy” ●  ‘Lazy’ (TS1, TS2)  Lazy single quotation marks mended to double  (TS3-Munro)  “Lazy” (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Fraeulein ●  Fraeulein (TS1, TS2, TS3, NAR 4)  Fraeulein ink cancellation mark smeared to cancel the revision  (NAR 4pf-SLC) 
  Soapy Sall, ●  Soapy Sall, (TS1, TS2)  Soapy Sall,  (TS3-SLC)  not in  (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Famine. ●  Famine.” (TS1, TS2)  Famine.  (TS3-SLC)  Famine. (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  mother-cat ●  mother-cat (TS1-SLC)  mother-cat (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  said, “Papa ●  said no “Papa (TS1, TS2)  said, “Papa (TS3-SLC)  said, “Papa (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  down stairs ●  down-stairs (TS1, TS2, TS3)  down- | stairs (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  crying.” ●  crying.  (TS1-SLC)  crying.” (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  From Susy’s Biography. ●  From Susy’s Biography.  (TS1-SLC)  From Susy’s Biography. (TS2)  From Susy’s Biography. ‘From Susy’s Biography.’ underscored  (TS3-Munro)  From Susy’s Biography.  (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Papa ●  “Papa (TS1, TS2)  Papa (TS3-SLC)  Papa (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  “I ●  ‘I (TS1, TS2)  I single quotation mark mended to double  (TS3-SLC)  “I (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Susy Warner ●  Susie y Warner circled in blue pencil to indicate a temporary suppression  (TS1-SLC)  Susy Warner (TS2)  Susy Warner Tabitha Wilson your wife  (TS3-SLC)  your wife (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  ‘Let ●  Let (TS1, TS2)  ‘Let (TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  light.’ ” ●  light’ ” (TS1, TS2, TS3)  light.’ ” (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Susy Warner ●  Susie y Warner circled in blue pencil to indicate a temporary suppression  (TS1-SLC)  Susy Warner (TS2)  Susy Warner that lady  (TS3-SLC)  that lady (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Him and we shouldn’t ever have got it. ●  him. and we shouldn’t ever have got it.  (TS1-SLC)  him and we shouldn’t ever have got it. (TS2, TS3, NAR 4pf)  Him and we shouldn’t ever have got it. (NAR 4) 
  From Susy’s Biography. ●  From Susy’s Biography.  (TS1-SLC)  From Susy’s Biography. (TS2)  From Susy’s Biography. ‘From Susy’s Biography.’ underscored  (TS3-Munro)  From Susy’s Biography.  (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  Papa ●  “Papapa (TS1, TS2)  Papapa (TS3-SLC)  Papapa this word was queried by the NAR proofreader, probably Munro; SLC canceled the redundant syllable and the query  (NAR 4pf-Munro + SLC)  Papa (NAR 4) 
  “I ●  ‘I (TS1, TS2)  I single quotation mark mended to double  (TS3-SLC)  “I (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
  out.” ●  out.’ (TS1, TS2)  out. single quotation mark mended to double; double quotation mark canceled in pencil by an unknown hand  (TS3-SLC)  out. a double quotation mark was inserted and queried by the NAR proofreader, probably by Munro; SLC did not respond  (NAR 4pf-Munro)  out. (NAR 4) 
  dought ●  dought (TS1, TS3, NAR 4pf, NAR 4)  doubt (TS2) 
  truth. ●  truth.” (TS1, TS2)  truth.  (TS3-SLC)  truth. (NAR 4pf, NAR 4) 
Explanatory Notes Thursday, February 8, 1906
 

Emmeline . . . an impressionist water-color] This painting was by Italian society portraitist Daniele Ranzoni (1843–89). Clemens bought it in Milan as a birthday present for Olivia in 1878. Its nickname of “Emmeline” may be related to the fictional picture made by Emmeline Grangerford described in chapter 17 of Huckleberry Finn ( N&J2, 187 n. 50).

 

oil painting by Elihu Vedder, “The Young Medusa.”] American painter Elihu Vedder (1836–1923) had been resident in Rome since 1867. Clemens bought “The Young Medusa” after a visit to Vedder’s studio on 9 November 1878. If the painting was anything like the drawing by Vedder on the same theme, it depicted “the calm face of a woman with flowing locks. Tiny serpents are just springing from her forehead” (Soria 1964, 603–4; N&J2, 244–45 and n. 60).

 

Our burglar alarm] By 1877 the Clemenses’ Hartford house had been outfitted with what one newspaper referred to as “Jerome’s famous burglar alarm.” By 1880 the house had an electrically operated system, installed (and repeatedly serviced) by the New York firm of A. G. Newman. Doors and windows were fitted with magnetic contacts linked to an electrical circuit; when the system was armed, opening a door or window closed the circuit and sounded the alarm. A central device called the “annunciator” indicated which door or window had been opened; the annunciator also had switches for disconnecting all or part of the house from the alarm, and a clock for automatic regulation. Clemens’s struggles with the alarm form the basis of his 1882 story “The McWilliamses and the Burglar Alarm” (17 July 1877 to OLC [1st], Letters 1876–1880 ; “Burglar Alarms,” Hartford Courant, 12 Mar 1878, 2; Newman to SLC, 18 May 1880, CU-MARK; 22 Feb 1883 to Webster, NPV; Houston 1898, 11, 22; SLC 1882b).

 

Ashcroft] Ralph W. Ashcroft (1875–1947), born in Cheshire, England, was secretary and treasurer of the Plasmon Company of America in 1905 when Clemens considered legal action against it for mismanagement of his investments. Impressed with Ashcroft, Clemens took him to England in June 1907, and began to rely on him as his business adviser. At Ashcroft’s suggestion, the name “Mark Twain” was registered as a trademark, a step in the formation of The Mark Twain Company (1908). In 1909 Ashcroft married Isabel Lyon, Clemens’s secretary. For a time Ashcroft and Lyon managed Clemens’s business affairs, but in April 1909 he dismissed them. His lengthy and accusatory “Ashcroft-Lyon Manuscript” (SLC 1909b) describes their mismanagement as he saw it. Ashcroft subsequently worked as an advertising director for various Canadian business firms; he and Lyon divorced in 1926 ( HHR, 735–36; Ashcroft 1904; Ashcroft to Lyon, 1 Mar 1906, CU-MARK; “Memorandum for Mr. Rogers re. Clemens’ Matter,” CU-MARK; “Business Leader, Friend and Aide of Mark Twain,” Toronto Globe and Mail, 9 Jan 1947, 7; Lystra 2004, 265).

 

Henry Butters, Harold Wheeler, and the rest of those Plasmon thieves] Plasmon, a powdered milk extract, was first marketed in Vienna while Clemens was living there in 1897–99. He came to see the product as a remedy for everything from Olivia’s illness to world famine. In his 1909 “Ashcroft-Lyon Manuscript,” he recounted his Plasmon entanglements, which began with an investment in the British branch of the firm:

By May, 1900, we had the enterprise on its feet & doing a promising business. Then some Americans wanted the rights for America. . . . The American company was presently started in New York. Henry A. Butters of California was one of the promoters & directors. He swindled me out of $12,500 & helped Wright, a subordinate, to swindle me out of $7,000 more.

Two of the directors—Butters and another—proceeded to gouge the company out of its cash capital. By about 1905 they had sucked it dry, & the company went bankrupt. (SLC 1909b, 8–9)

Clemens’s grievance was set forth in more detail by his lawyer, John B. Stanchfield:

Mr. Clemens contributed to the enterprise $25,000 . . . and believed that he was purchasing stock in the corporation, and that for every share that he bought, he was entitled to another share as a bonus. This was the arrangement Butters had told him had been made. . . .

It seems that Butters, who was the directing agent of the American corporation at the time, had the avails of Mr. Clemens’ moneys credited to his personal account, and transferred his own shares to the extent of 250 to Mr. Clemens. (Enclosure with Stanchfield to SLC, 4 Mar 1905, CU-MARK)

Henry A. Butters (1830–1908) was a San Francisco capitalist; his associates Howard E. Wright and Harold Wheeler successively managed the American Plasmon Company. Clemens began threatening Butters with a suit for grand larceny early in 1905. He returned to the subject of the Plasmon fiasco in the Autobiographical Dictations of 30 August 1907 and 31 October 1908 (8–9 Apr 1900 to Rogers, Salm, in HHR , 438–42; Ober 2003, 169–72; “Death Claims Railroad Man,” Los Angeles Times, 27 Oct 1908, 15; Ashcroft 1904; 11 and 14 Mar 1909 to CC, MS draft in CU-MARK).

 

I can’t see how it is ever going to fetch me out right when we get to the door] Clemens’s perplexity in this matter of the spoon-shaped drive of the house in Hartford can be better understood with the aid of a diagram he sketched in an 1892 notebook, reproduced here. No matter which way the buggy rounds the loop, a passenger seated to the right of the driver will end up on the side away from the house (Notebook 31, TS p. 37, CU-MARK).

 

ombra] The term that the Clemenses used for the veranda that surrounded the house; it means “shade” in Italian.

 

Susy Warner] Charles Dudley Warner’s wife (1838?–1921) was a talented pianist and a close friend of Olivia’s. Susy Clemens’s manuscript biography left a blank for Susan Warner’s name. Clemens supplied it in his dictation, but when he prepared the text for publication in the North American Review, he toyed with a pseudonym (“Tabitha Wilson”) before settling on “your wife” for the text he published there(24 and 25 Nov 1869 to OLL, L5, 407 n. 3; NAR 4).