Explanatory Notes
Headnote
Apparatus Notes
Headnotes
CHAPTER 8 The Boss
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CHAPTER 8
 The Boss

To be vested with enormous authority is a fine thing; but to have the on-looking world consent toalteration in the MS it is a finer. The tower-episode solidifiedalteration in the MS my power, and made it impregnable.alteration in the MS If any were perchancealteration in the MS disposed to be jealous and critical before that, they experienced a change of heart, now. There was not any onealteration in the MS in the kingdom who would have considered it good judgmentalteration in the MS to meddle with my matters.alteration in the MS

I was fast getting adjusted to my situation and circumstances. For a time, I used to wake up, mornings, and smile at my “dream,” and listen for the Colt’s factory-whistle; but that sort of thing played itself out, gradually, and at last I was fully able to realize that I was actually living in the sixth century, and in Arthur’s court, not a lunatic asylum. After that, I was just as much at home in that century as I could have been in any other; and as for preference, I wouldn’t have traded it for the [begin page 109] twentieth. Look at the opportunities here for a man of knowledge, brains, pluck and enterprise to sail in and grow up with the country. The grandest field that ever was; and all my own; not a competitor nor the shadow of a competitorrejected substantive textual note; not a man who wasn’t a babyalteration in the MS to me in acquirements and capacities: whereas, what would I amount to in the twentieth century? I should be foreman of a factory, that is about all;alteration in the MS and could drag a seine down street any day and catch a hundred better men than myself.

What a jump I had made! I couldn’t keep fromalteration in the MS thinking about it, and contemplating it, just as one does who has struck oilalteration in the MS. There was nothing back of mealteration in the MS that could approach it, unless it might be Joseph’s caseexplanatory note; and Joseph’salteration in the MS only approached it, it didn’t equal it, quite. For it stands to reason that as Joseph’s splendid financial ingenuities advantaged nobody but the king, the general public must have regarded him with a good deal of disfavor; whereas I had done my entirealteration in the MS public a kindness in sparing the sun, and was popularalteration in the MS by reason of it.

I was no shadow of a king; I was the substance, the king himself was the shadow. My power was colossal; and it was not a mere name, as such things have generally been, it was the genuine article. I stood here, at the very spring and source of the second great period of the world’s history; and could see the trickling stream of that history gather, and deepen, and broaden, and roll its mighty tides down the faralteration in the MS centuries; and I could note the upspringing of adventurers like myself in the shelter of its long array of thrones: De Montfortsexplanatory note, Gavestons, Mortimersexplanatory note, Villiersesexplanatory note; the war-making, campaign-directingalteration in the MS wantonsemendation of Franceexplanatory note, and Charles the Second’s sceptre-wielding drabsemendation explanatory note; butalteration in the MS nowhere in the procession was my full-sized fellow visible. I was a Unique; and glad to know that that fact could not be dislodgedalteration in the MS or challenged for thirteen centuries and a half, for sure.

Yes, in power I was equal to the king. At the same time there was another power that was a trifle stronger than both of us put together. That was the Church. I do not wish to disguise that fact. I couldn’t, if I wanted to. But never mind about that, now; it will show up, in its proper place, later on. It didn’trejected substantive cause me any trouble in the beginning —at least any of consequence.

Well, it was a curious country, and full of interest. And the people! They were the quaintest and simplestalteration in the MS and trustingest race; why they were nothing but rabbits. It was pitiful for a person born in a wholesome freealteration in the MS atmosphere to listen to their humble and hearty outpourings [begin page 110] of loyalty toward their king and Churchemendation and nobility: as if they had any more occasion to love and honoralteration in the MS king and Churchemendation and noble than a slave has to love and honor the lash, or a dog has to love and honor the stranger that kicks him!emendation Why, dear me,alteration in the MS any kind of royalty, how-soever modified, any kind of aristocracy, howsoeveremendation pruned, is rightly an insult; butalteration in the MS if you are born and brought up under that sort of arrangementalteration in the MS you probably never find it out for yourself, and don’t

“why they were nothing but rabbits.”
believe it when somebody else tellsrejected substantive you. It is enough to make a body ashamed of his race to think of the sort of frothemendation alteration in the MS that has always occupied its thrones without shadow of right or reason, and the seventh-rate people that have always figured as its aristocracies—a companyalteration in the MS of monarchs and nobles who, as a rule, would have achieved only poverty and obscurity if left like their betters to their own exertions.

[begin page 111]

The most of King Arthur’s British nation were slaves, purealteration in the MS and simple, and bore that name,alteration in the MS and wore the iron collar on their necks; and the rest were slaves in fact, but without the name; they imagined themselves men and freemen, and called themselves soalteration in the MS. The truth was, the nation as a body was in the world for one object, and one only: to grovel before king and Churchemendation and noble; to slave for them, sweat blood for them, starve that they might be fed, work that they might play, drink misery to the dregs that they might be happy, go naked that they might wear silks and jewels, pay taxes that they might be spared from payingemendation them, be familiar all their lives with the degrading languagealteration in the MS and postures of adulation that they might walk in pride and think themselves the gods of this world. And for all this, the thanks they got were cuffs and contempt; and so poor-spirited were they that they took even this sort of attention as an honor.

Inherited ideas are a curious thing, and interesting to observe and examine. I had mine, the king and his people had theirs. In both cases they flowed in ruts worn deep by time and habit, and the man who should have proposedalteration in the MS to divert them by reason and argument would have hadalteration in the MS a long contract on his hands. For instance, those people had inherited the idea that all men without title and a long pedigree, whether they had great natural gifts and acquirements or hadn’t, were creatures of no more consideration than so many animals, bugs, insects; whereas I had inherited the idea that human dawsalteration in the MS who canalteration in the MS consent to masquerade in thealteration in the MS peacock-shams of inherited dignities and unearned titles, are of no good but to be laughed at. The way I was looked upon was odd, but it was natural. You know how the keeper and the public regard the elephant in the menagerie: well, that is the idea. They are full of admiration of his vast bulk and his prodigious strength; they speak with pride of the fact that he can do a hundred marvels which are far and away beyondalteration in the MS their own powers; and they speak with the same pride of the fact that in his wrath he is able to drive a thousand men before him: but does that make him onealteration in the MS of them? No; the raggedest tramp in the pit would smile at the idea. He couldn’t comprehend it; couldn’t take it in; couldn’t in any remote way conceive of it. Well, to the king, the noblesrejected substantive, and all the nation, down to the very slaves and tramps, I was just that kind of an elephant, and nothing more. I was admired, also feared; but it was as an animal is admired and feared. The animal is notalteration in the MS reverenced, neither was I; I was [begin page 112]

“inherited ideas are a curious thing.”
not even respectedalteration in the MS. I had no pedigree, no inherited title; so,alteration in the MS in the king’s and the nobles’alteration in the MS eyes I was mere dirt; the people regarded me with wonder and awe, but there was no reverencealteration in the MS mixed with it; through the force of inherited ideas they were not able to conceive of anything being entitled to that except pedigree and lordship. There [begin page 113] you see the hand of that awful power, the Roman Catholic Church. In two or threealteration in the MS little centuries it had converted a nation of men to a nation of worms. Before the day of the Church’s supremacy in the world, men were men, and held their heads up, and had a man’salteration in the MS pride, and spirit, and independence; and what of greatness and positionalteration in the MS a person got, he got mainlyalteration in the MS by achievement, not by birthemendation.alteration in the MS But then the Church came to the front, with an axe to grind; and shealteration in the MS was wise, subtle, and knew more than one way to skin a cat—or a nation: she invented “divine right of kings,” and propped it allalteration in the MS around, brick by brick, with the Beatitudes—wrenching them from their good purpose to make them fortify an evil one; she preached (to the commoner,) humility, obedience to superiors, the beauty of self-sacrifice; she preached (to the commoner,) meekness under insult; preached (still to the commoner, always to the commoner,) patience, meanness of spirit, non-resistance under oppression; and she introduced heritable ranks and aristocracies, and taught all the Christian populations of the earth to bow down to them and worship them. Even down to my birth-century that poison was still in the blood of Christendom, and the best of English commoners was still contentalteration in the MS to see his inferiors impudentlyalteration in the MS continuing to hold a number of positions, such asalteration in the MS lordships and the throne, to which the grotesque laws of his country did not allowtextual note him to aspire; in fact he was not merely contented with this strange condition of things, he was even able to persuade himself that he was proud of it. It seems to show that there isn’t anything you can’t stand, if you are only born and bred to it. Of course that taint, that reverence for rank and title, had been in our American blood, too—I know that; but when I left America it had disappearedalteration in the MSat least to all intents and purposes.alteration in the MS The remnant of it was restricted to the dudes and dudesses.emendation When a disease has worked its way down to that level, it may fairly be said to be out of the system.

But to return to my anomalous position in Kingemendation Arthur’s kingdom. Here I was, a giant among pigmies, a man among children,alteration in the MS a master intelligence among intellectual moles:alteration in the MS byalteration in the MS all rational measurement the one and only actually great man in that whole British world; and yet there and then, just as in the remote England of my birth-time, the sheep-witted earl who could claim long descent from a king’s lemanemendation,alteration in the MS acquired at second-handemendation from the slums of London, was a better man than I was. Such a personage was fawned upon in Arthur’s realmalteration in the MS and [begin page 114] reverentlyalteration in the MS looked up to by everybody, even though his dispositions were as mean as his intelligence, and his morals as base as his lineage. There were times when he could sit down in the king’s presence; but I couldn’t. I could have got a title easily enough, and that would have raised me a large step in everybody’s eyes; even in the king’s, the giver of it. But I didn’t ask for it; and I declined it when it was offered. I

couldn’t have enjoyed such a thing, with my notions; and it wouldn’t have been fair, anyway, because as far back as I could go, our tribe had always been short of the bar sinisteremendation. I couldn’t have felt really and satisfactorily fine and proud and set-up over any title except one that should come from the nation itself, the only legitimate source; and such an onerejected substantive I hoped to win; and in the course of years of honest and honorable endeavor, I didalteration in the MS win it and did wear italteration in the MS with a high and clean [begin page 115] pride. This title fell casually from the lips of a blacksmith, one day, in a village; was caught up as a happy thought and tossed from mouth to mouth with a laugh and analteration in the MS affirmative vote; in ten days it had swept the kingdom, and was become as familiar as the king’s name. I was never known by any other designation afterwardrejected substantive, whether in the nation’s talk or in grave debate upon matters of state at the council board of the sovereign. This title, translated into modern speech, would be The Boss. Elected by the nation. That suited me. And it was a pretty high title. There were very few The’s, and I was one of them. If you spoke of the duke, or the earl, or the bishop, how could anybody tell which one you meant? But if you spoke of The King or The Queenalteration in the MS or The Boss, it was different.

Well, I liked the king, and as king I respected him—respected the office; at least respected it as much as I was capable of respecting any unearned supremacy;alteration in the MS but as men alteration in the MS I looked down upon him and his noblesalteration in the MS—privately. And he and theyalteration in the MS liked me, and respected my office;alteration in the MS but as analteration in the MS animal, without birth or sham title, they looked down upon me—and were not particularly private about it, either. I didn’t charge for my opinion about them, andemendation they didn’t charge for their opinion about me: the account was square, the books balanced, everybody was satisfied.

Editorial Emendations CHAPTER 8 The Boss
  wantons (A)  ●  prostitutes (MS) 
  drabs (A)  ●  strumpets (MS) 
  Church (A)  ●  church (MS) 
  Church (A)  ●  church (MS) 
  him! (A)  ●  him. (MS) 
  howsoever (A)  ●  howsover (MS) 
  froth (A)  ●  scum (MS) 
  Church (A)  ●  church (MS) 
  from paying (A)  ●  not in  (MS) 
  not by birth (A)  ●  not birth (MS) 
  The . . . dudesses. (A)  ●  Here and there in the cities were young persons who aped English high-society dress and grossness of manners, mispronunciation, and appetite for the compliment of a snub from a noble, but these were dudes and dudesses, in all cases, and to them the remnant of the taint was restricted. (MS) 
  King (A)  ●  not in  (MS) 
  leman (A)  ●  drab (MS) 
  second-hand (A)  ●  second-  |  hand (MS) 
  the bar sinister (A)  ●  bastards (MS) 
  and (A)  ●  not in  (MS) 
Rejected Substantives CHAPTER 8 The Boss
  nor . . . competitor (MS)  ●  not in  (A,E) 
  didn’t (MS,A)  ●  did not (E) 
  tells (MS,A)  ●  tell (E) 
  the nobles’ (MS,E)  ●  nobles’ (A) 
  an one (MS,A)  ●  a one (E) 
  afterward (MS)  ●  afterwards (A,E) 
Alterations in the Manuscript CHAPTER 8 The Boss
 consent to] interlined above canceled ‘say amen to’.
 solidified] interlined above canceled ‘compacted’.
 impregnable.] interlined above canceled ‘solid, and unassailable.’
 perchance] interlined.
 any one] interlined above canceled ‘a man’.
 good judgment] interlined above canceled ‘healthy’.
 matters.] followed by canceled ‘I had the nation in my grip, from the king down; and I will do myself the credit to say I was determined that they should profit by that fact, every individual of them.’
 baby] follows canceled ‘mere’.
 all;] interlined above canceled ‘the size of it;’.
 couldn’t keep from] interlined above canceled ‘was never tired of’.
 just . . . oil] interlined following a comma added on the line.
 me] written over wiped-out ‘it’.
 and Joseph’s] interlined above canceled ‘and it’.
 entire] interlined above canceled ‘whole’.
 popular] follows ‘quite’ interlined then canceled.
 roll . . . far] interlined above canceled ‘stretch its mighty curves and reaches down the’; ‘the’ added to replace canceled ‘the far’.
 the . . . campaign-directing] interlined above canceled ‘sceptrewielding’.
 but] follows canceled ‘—revered mothers of England’s nobility—’; the semicolon preceding added.
 be dislodged] follows canceled ‘be’ and canceled ‘be jolted’.
 simplest] followed by a canceled comma.
 free] written over wiped-out ‘in’.
 honor] interlined above canceled ‘praise’.
 Why, dear me, any] originally ‘Any’; ‘Why, dear me,’ interlined; the ‘A’ not reduced to ‘a’.
 but] written over a dash.
 arrangement] interlined above canceled ‘thing’.
 froth] the MS reads ‘scum’ followed by canceled ‘-of-the-earth’; emended.
 company] interlined above canceled ‘batch’.
 pure] written over an unrecovered wiped-out word.
 and bore that name,] interlined.
 so] followed by a comma added in pencil and inadvertently left standing and by ‘just as their simple successors were still doing when I retired from modern life.’ added then canceled; ‘just . . . I’ interlined and canceled in pencil on the recto, and ‘retired . . . life.’ added and canceled in pencil on the verso of the MS page with instructions to turn over.
 language] originally ‘languages’; the ‘s’ wiped out.
 have proposed] originally ‘propose’; ‘have’ interlined and ‘d’ added.
 have had] ‘had’ interlined.
 daws] originally ‘jackdaws’; ‘jack’ canceled.
 can] interlined following canceled ‘had no more self-respect than to’.
 masquerade in the] originally ‘strut around in the silly peacock-feathers’; ‘feathers’ written over wiped-out ‘clot’; ‘silly peacock-feathers’ canceled and the sentence continued; later ‘strut around in the’ canceled and ‘masquerade in the’ interlined.
 beyond] followed by canceled ‘anything’.
 one] originally ‘one’; underlining canceled.
 is not] written over wiped-out ‘was’.
 respected] follows ‘much’ interlined then canceled.
 so,] followed by canceled ‘I’.
 and the nobles’] interlined.
 reverence] interlined above canceled ‘homage’.
 or three] interlined in pencil.
 Before . . . children,] ‘Before . . . giant among’ (113.3–32) added on MS pages 147-A and 147-B and ‘pigmies . . . children,’ (113.32) added at the top of MS page 148, to replace ‘Why, here I was, a giant among pigmies, a man among children,’ canceled at the bottom of MS page 147.
 a man’s] follows canceled ‘the’.
 of . . . position] interlined replacing ‘distinction’ which is interlined then canceled.
 mainly] interlined.
 birth.] the period mended from a semicolon; followed by canceled ‘and he couldn’t transmit it to his meritless sons.’
 an axe .. . oppression; and she] originally ‘an axe to grind; and she invented “divine right of kings;” and’; both occurrences of ‘and’ canceled; ‘she preached (to the commoner,) humility . . . oppression; and she’ (113.11–15) added on the verso of the MS page with instructions to turn over; then ‘an axe . . . kings;” ’ canceled and ‘an axe . . . nation:’ interlined on the recto of the MS page, and ‘she invented . . . Beatitudes and’ added on the verso; then ‘and’ following ‘Beatitudes’ canceled and ‘—wrenching . . . one;’ interlined without a caret above ‘she preached’.
 all] interlined.
 still content] ‘still’ interlined above canceled ‘still’.
 impudently] follows canceled ‘still’.
 such as] interlined above canceled ‘like’.
 disappeared] follows canceled ‘almost wholly’.
 —at . . . purposes.] ‘—at . . . purposes it has.’ interlined; ‘it has.’ canceled and the period after ‘purposes’ added; the MS continues ‘Here and there in the cities were young persons who aped English high-society dress and grossness of manners’; ‘dress . . . manners’ originally read ‘dress, brutal manners’; ‘gross’ interlined above canceled ‘brutal’; then, in pencil, the comma after ‘dress’ canceled, ‘and’ interlined, ‘ness’ added to ‘gross’, and ‘of’ interlined; emended.
 moles:] the colon added to replace a canceled comma.
 by] interlined above canceled ‘but’.
 leman,] the MS reads ‘drab,’ which is interlined without a caret above canceled ‘prostitute’; emended.
 in Arthur’s realm] interlined.
 reverently] written over wiped-out ‘b’ or ‘l’.
 I did] ‘I’ interlined.
 win it . . . wear it] each ‘it’ interlined.
 an] originally ‘a c’; the ‘c’ wiped out and ‘n’ added to ‘a’.
 or The Queen] interlined in pencil.
 respected him . . . supremacy;] added on the verso of the MS page with instructions to turn over; replaces canceled ‘respected him—respected the office;’.
  men] interlined above canceled ‘a man’.
 and his nobles] interlined.
 and they] interlined.
 office;] followed by canceled ‘and so did the nobles;’.
 an] originally ‘a man, withou’; the comma and ‘withou’ wiped out; then ‘man’ canceled and ‘n’ added to ‘a’.
Textual Notes CHAPTER 8 The Boss
 nor . . . competitor] The manuscript reading has been restored in the belief that the phrase was eliminated from the first American edition because the typist’s or compositor’s eye skipped from the first “competitor” to the second (see the illustration below). The case, however, is by no means clearcut: Mark Twain may have found the repetition ungainly and unnecessary. On the other hand, the typist seems to have been particularly prone to dropping repetitive phrases in other places, where there is little doubt that eye skip caused the omission (see, for example, the textual note at 147.11–12), and there are no similar cuts of the manuscript anywhere in the book.
 allow] In the top right corner of the manuscript page beginning here, Mark Twain wrote and canceled “truculent.”
Explanatory Notes CHAPTER 8 The Boss
 Joseph’s case] See Gen. 41:39–57.
 De Montforts] Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, defeated Henry III’s forces at the Battle of Lewes in 1264 and established a short-lived parliamentary government; he was excommunicated and in 1265 was overthrown.
 Gavestons, Mortimers] Edward II’s infatuated support for the Gascon adventurer Piers Gaveston, whom he made earl of Cornwall and his chief minister, led to Gaveston’s decapitation in 1312, and ultimately to Edward’s overthrow. Constrained to abdicate in 1327, Edward was murdered in Berkeley Castle by his queen, Isabella, and her lover, Roger Mortimer, later earl of March, who for the next three years ruled England in fact while Edward III ruled it in name. In 1330 the young king asserted control of the realm and executed Mortimer.
 Villierses] As James I’s favorite, George Villiers ruled the court and rose rapidly to become duke of Buckingham, the first nonroyal duke in fifty years. With James’s son Charles, he wrested control of the government from the senile monarch, but in 1628, three years after Charles I was crowned, Buckingham was killed by an assassin moved by the political agitation against his ascendancy over the king. Barbara Villiers, Lady Castlemaine, was one of Charles II’s influential mistresses.
 wantons of France] In his copy of Saint-Simon’s Memoirs, Mark Twain wrote, “From the year AD 300 to the year 1800 may be described as the age of pious w——s” (1:375). He had in mind such women as Madame de Maintenon and Madame des Ursins, “who governed France and Spain” (2:25, 52–53).
 Charles the Second’s sceptre-wielding drabs] In addition to Lady Castlemaine, Charles II’s politically influential mistresses included Lucy Walter, mother of his illegitimate son the duke of Monmouth (the Protestant candidate for the succession), and the duchess of Portsmouth, whose exertions on behalf of her French birthplace and Catholic religion were so notorious that they provoked rioting—and evoked the most memorable remark of the king’s actress-mistress, Nell Gwyn, who told a hostile crowd that had mistaken her coach for the duchess’, “Be silent, good people, I am the Protestant whore!”