Explanatory Notes
See Headnote
Apparatus Notes
See Headnotes
MTPDocEd
[begin page 1118] [begin page 1119] [begin page 1120] [begin page 1121]
REFERENCES

This list defines the abbreviations used in this book and provides full bibliographic information for works cited by the author’s name, or by name and publication date. Any edition listed here known to be the one that Clemens owned is identified by a heavy asterisk (✱). [The 2009 web edition did not include a list of references; it has been restored as of 2016, together with relevant references introduced in HF 2010.]


Abbott, Keene. 1913. “Tom Sawyer’s Town.” Harper’s Weekly 57 (9 August): 16–17.

AD. Autobiographical Dictation. [Clemens’s dictations have been published 2010–2015 in print and on MTPO.]

Aiken, Albert W. 1880. Richard Talbot of Cinnabar: or, The Brothers of the Red Hand. Citations are to the reprint edition in The Dime Library 82 (August 1901), New York: M. J. Ivers and Co.

Ainsworth, William Harrison. 1840. The Tower of London: A Historical Romance. London: R. Bentley.

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. 1869. The Story of a Bad Boy. Boston: Fields, Osgood and Co.

AMT. 1959. The Autobiography of Mark Twain. Edited by Charles Neider. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Anderson, Frederick, and Hamlin Hill. 1972. “How Samuel Clemens Became Mark Twain’s Publisher.” Proof 2: 117–43.

Anderson, Frederick, and Kenneth M. Sanderson, eds. 1971. Mark Twain: The Critical Heritage. New York: Barnes and Noble.

Andrews, William L. 1981. “Mark Twain and James W. C. Pennington: Huckleberry Finn’s Smallpox Lie.” Studies in American Fiction 9 (Spring): 103–12.

Angell, Roger. 1995. “In ‘Huck, Continued.’ ” New Yorker 71 (26 June and 3 July): 130–32.

Arabian Nights. 1839–41. The Thousand and One Nights, Commonly Called, in England, the Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. Translated by Edward William Lane. 3 vols. London: Charles Knight and Co.

Arac, Jonathan. 1997. “Huckleberry Finn” As Idol and Target: The Functions of Criticism in Our Time. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

[begin page 1122]

Archer, William. 1900. “Study and Stage, A New Parable.” London Morning Leader, 22 September, 4.

Arner, Robert D. 1972. “Acts Seventeen and Huckleberry Finn: A Note on Silas Phelps’ Sermon.” Mark Twain Journal 16 (Summer): 12.

Ashmead, John. 1962. “A Possible Hannibal Source for Mark Twain’s Dauphin.” American Literature 34 (March): 105–7.

ATS. 1982. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Foreword and notes by John C. Gerber; text established by Paul Baender. The Mark Twain Library. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.

AutoMT1. 2010. Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 1. Edited by Harriet Elinor Smith, Benjamin Griffin, Victor Fischer, Michael B. Frank, Sharon K. Goetz, and Leslie Diane Myrick. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

Ayres, John W. 1917. “Recollections of Hannibal.” Letter dated 22 August. Undated clipping from the Palmyra (Mo.) Spectator, Morris Anderson scrapbook, MoHM. Reprinted in part by Wecter 1952, 149.

[Bacon, Thomas]. 1990. A Mirror of Hannibal. Edited by J. Hurley Hagood and Roberta Hagood. Rev. ed. Hannibal: Hannibal Free Public Library. First published in 1905 by C. P. Greene.

Baetzhold, Howard G.

1961. “The Course of Composition of A Connecticut Yankee.” American Literature 33 (May): 195–214.

1970. Mark Twain and John Bull: The British Connection. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Baker, William. 1985. “Mark Twain and the Shrewd Ohio Audiences.” American Literary Realism 18 (Spring and Autumn): 14–30.

BAL. 1955–91. Bibliography of American Literature. Compiled by Jacob Blanck. 9 vols. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Baldanza, Frank. 1955. “The Structure of Huckleberry Finn.” American Literature 27 (November): 347–55.

Bales, E. G. 1939. “Folklore from West Norfolk.” Folk-Lore 50: 66–75. Citations are to the 1969 reprint edition, Nendeln: Kraus Reprint.

✱ Ball, Charles. 1837. Slavery in the United States: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Charles Ball, a Black Man, Who Lived Forty Years in Maryland, South Carolina and Georgia, as a Slave. New York: J. S. Taylor.

Barber, Paul. 1988. Vampires, Burial, and Death: Folklore and Reality. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Barker, E. H. 1852. Literary Anecdotes and Contemporary Reminiscences, of Professor Porson and Others. 2 vols. London: J. R. Smith.

Bartlett, John Russell. 1896. Dictionary of Americanisms. A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States. 4th ed. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co.

[begin page 1123]

Bates, Alan. 1968. The Western Rivers Steamboat Cyclopoedium; or, American Riverboat Structure & Detail, Salted with Lore, with a Nod to the Modelmaker. Leonia, N.J.: Hustle Press.

Baughman, Ernest W. 1966. Type and Motif Index of the Folktales of England and North America. Indiana University Series, no. 20. The Hague: Mouton and Co.

Beaver, Harold. 1987. Huckleberry Finn. Unwin Critical Library. London: Allen and Unwin.

Beidler, Peter G.

1968. “The Raft Episode in Huckleberry Finn.” Modern Fiction Studies 14 (Spring): 11–20.

1990. “Christian Schultz’s Travels: A New Source for Huckleberry Finn?” English Language Notes 28 (December): 51–61.

Belden, H. M., ed. 1940. Ballads and Songs Collected by the Missouri Folk-Lore Society. University of Missouri Studies 15 (1 January).

Bentley. Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Fred D. Bentley, Sr.

Bercovich, Sacvan. 2002. “Deadpan Huck: Or, What’s Funny about Interpretation.” Kenyon Review 24 (Spring–Autumn), 90–134.

Berkove, Lawrence I. 1994. “Mark Twain’s Vision of Truth.” Journal of American Studies 26 (December): 204–22.

Berret, Anthony J.

1985. “The Influence of Hamlet on Huckleberry Finn.” American Literary Realism 18 (Spring and Autumn): 196–207.

1986. “Huckleberry Finn and the Minstrel Show.” American Studies 27 (Fall): 37–49.

Berridge, W S., and W. Percival Westell. 1911. The Book of the Zoo. London: J. M. Dent and Sons.

Bertram, Paul, and Bernice W. Kliman, eds. 1991. The Three-Text Hamlet. New York: AMS Press.

Bickerstaff, Isaac. 1981. The Plays of Isaac Bickerstaff. Edited by Peter A. Tasch. 3 vols. New York: Garland Publishing.

Bikle, Lucy Leffingwell Cable. 1928. George W. Cable: His Life and Letters. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Birchfield, James. 1969. “Jim’s Coat of Arms.” Mark Twain Journal 14 (Summer): 15–16.

✱ [Bird, Robert M.] 1837. Nick of the Woods; or, The Jibbenainosay. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea and Blanchard.

Blair, Walter.

“The Methods of Mark Twain.” Saturday Review of Literature 25 (20 June): 11.

1957. “The French Revolution and Huckleberry Finn.” Modern Philology 55 (August): 21–35.

[begin page 1124]

1958. “When Was Huckleberry Finn Written?” American Literature 30 (March): 1–25.

1960a. Mark Twain & Huck Finn. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

1960b. Native American Humor. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Company.

1976. “Charles Mathews and His ‘Trip to America.’ ” In Salzman 1976, 2:1–23.

1979. “Was Huckleberry Finn Written?.” Mark Twain Journal 19 (Summer): 1–3.

Blair, Walter, and Hamlin Hill. 1978. America’s Humor: From Poor Richard to Doonesbury. New York: Oxford University Press.

Blair, Walter, and Franklin J. Meine. 1956. Half Horse Half Alligator: The Growth of the Mike Fink Legend. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Blanck, Jacob.

1939. A Supplement to “A Bibliography of Mark Twain.” New York: Privately printed.

1950. “In Re Huckleberry Finn.” New Colophon 3: 153–59.

1960. “ ‘Mark Twain & Huck Finn’ Reviewed.” Antiquarian Bookman 26 (28 November): 1931–35.

Blanton, Wyndham B. 1933. Medicine in Virginia in the Nineteenth Century. Richmond: Garrett and Massie.

Blathwait, Raymond. 1891. “Mark Twain on Humor.” New York World, 31 May, 26.

Bliven, Bruce, Jr. 1954. The Wonderful Writing Machine. New York: Random House.

Boewe, Mary. 1985. “Twain on Lecky: Some Marginalia at Quarry Farm.” Mark Twain Society Bulletin 8 (January): 1–6.

Bontemps, Arna, ed. 1969. Great Slave Narratives. Boston: Beacon Press.

Bowen, Elbert R. [1959]. Theatrical Entertainments in Rural Missouri before the Civil War. University of Missouri Studies, vol. 32. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

Bradley, David. 1996. “Introduction.” In How to Tell a Story and Other Essays. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bragg, Marion. 1977. Historic Names and Places on the Lower Mississippi River. Vicksburg, Miss.: Mississippi River Commission.

Branch, Edgar Marquess.

1983. “Mark Twain: Newspaper Reading and the Writer’s Creativity.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 37 (March): 576–603.

[begin page 1125]

1984. “Three New Letters by Samuel Clemens in the Muscatine Journal.” Mark Twain Journal 22 (Spring): 2–7.

Branch, Edgar Marquess, and Robert H. Hirst. 1985. The Grangerford–Shepherdson Feud . . . with an Account of Mark Twain’s Literary Use of the Bloody Encounters at Compromise, Kentucky. Berkeley: The Friends of The Bancroft Library.

Brand, John. 1877. Observations on Popular Antiquities. London: Chatto and Windus.

Bremer, Fredrika. 1853. The Homes of the New World; Impressions of America. Translated by Mary Howitt. 3 vols. London: Arthur Hall, Virtue, and Co.

Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. 1882. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 14th ed., rev. London: Cassell, Petter, Galpin and Co.

[Bridges, Robert.] 1885. “Mark Twain’s Blood-Curdling Humor.” Life 5 (26 February): 119. Reprinted in Da Ponte 1959, 79, and Anderson and Sanderson 1971, 126–27.

Bronson, Bertrand Harris, ed.

1962. The Traditional Tunes of the Child Ballads. 4 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

1976. The Singing Tradition of Child’s Popular Ballads. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Brooks, Van Wyck.

1920a. The Ordeal of Mark Twain. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co.

1920b. “The Genesis of Huck Finn.” The Freeman 1 (31 March): 59–63.

Brown, Spencer. 1967. “Huckleberry Finn for Our Time.” Michigan Quarterly Review 6 (Winter): 41–46.

Browne, Ray B. 1960. “Shakespeare in American Vaudeville and Negro Minstrelsy.” American Quarterly 12 (Fall): 374–91.

Bruce, Dickson D., Jr. 1974. And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain-Folk Camp-Meeting Religion, 1800–1845. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

Bruchac, Joseph. 1993. The Native American Sweat Lodge: History and Legends. Freedom, Calif.: Crossing Press.

Budd, Louis J.

1959. “The Southward Currents under Huck Finn’s Raft.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 46 (September): 222–37.

1962. Mark Twain: Social Philosopher. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

[begin page 1126]

1977. “A Listing of and Selection from Newspaper and Magazine Interviews with Samuel L. Clemens, 1874–1910.” American Literary Realism 10 (Winter): i–100.

1982. “Who Wants to Go to Hell? An Unsigned Sketch by Mark Twain.” Studies in American Humor, n.s., 1 (June): 6–16.

1983. Our Mark Twain: The Making of His Public Personality. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

1985. “ ‘A Nobler Roman Aspect’ of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” In Sattelmeyer and Crowley, 26–40.

1992a. Mark Twain: Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, & Essays, 1852–1890. The Library of America. New York: Literary Classics of the United States.

1992b. Mark Twain: Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, & Essays, 1891–1910. The Library of America. New York: Literary Classics of the United States.

1999. Mark Twain: The Contemporary Reviews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

✱ Bunyan, John. [1678] 1875. The Pilgrim’s Progress as Originally Published by John Bunyan, Being a Facsimile Reproduction of the First Edition. London: Elliot Stock.

Burchfield, R. W., ed. 1972–86. A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Buxbaum, Katherine. 1927. “Mark Twain and American Dialect.” American Speech 2 (February): 233–36.

Byers, John R., Jr.

1971. “Miss Emmeline Grangerford’s Hymn Book.” American Literature 43 (May): 259–63.

1973–74. “Mark Twain’s Miss Mary Jane Wilks: Shamed or Shammed?” Mark Twain Journal 17 (Winter): 13–14.

1977. “The Pokeville Preacher’s Invitation in Huckleberry Finn.” Mark Twain Journal 18 (Summer): 15–16.

Camfield, Gregg. 1992. “ ‘I Wouldn’t Be as Ignorant as You for Wages’: Huck Finn Talks Back to His Conscience.” Studies in American Fiction 20 (Autumn): 169–75.

Cardwell, Guy A. 1953. Twins of Genius. [East Lansing]: Michigan State College Press.

Carkeet, David.

1979. “The Dialects in Huckleberry Finn.” American Literature 51 (November): 315–32.

1981. “The Source for the Arkansas Gossips in Huckleberry Finn.” American Literary Realism 14 (Spring): 90–92.

[begin page 1127]

✱ Carlyle, Thomas. 1856. The French Revolution: A History. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Carlyon, David. 2007. “Twain’s ‘Stretcher’: The Circus Shapes Huckleberry Finn.” South Atlantic Review 72 (Fall): 1–36.

Carrington, George C., Jr. 1976. The Dramatic Unity of “Huckleberry Finn.” Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

✱ Casanova de Seingalt, Giacomo Girolamo. 1833–37. Memoires de Jacques Casanova de Seingalt. 10 vols. Paris: Paulin.

Cassidy, Frederic G., and Joan Houston Hall, eds. 1985–. Dictionary of American Regional English. 6 vols. to date. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Cayton, Frank M., comp. 1879. Landings on the Mississippi River, Showing Locations, etc. St. Louis: Woodward, Tiernan and Hale.

CCamarSJ. St. John’s Seminary, Camarillo, California. Formerly home to the Estelle Doheny collection (now dispersed).

Cellini, Benvenuto. 1851. Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini, a Florentine Artist. Translated by Thomas Roscoe. New York: George P. Putnam.

Century Dictionary. 1889–91. The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language. Prepared under the superintendence of William Dwight Whitney. 6 vols. New York: Century Company.

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de.

1855. The Exemplary Novels of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. Translated from the Spanish by Walter K. Kelly. London: Henry G. Bohn.

1992. Don Quixote de la Mancha. Translated by Charles Jarvis, with an introduction by E. C. Riley. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Champion, Laurie, ed. 1991. The Critical Response to Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn. New York: Greenwood Press.

Childs, Marquis W. 1982. Mighty Mississippi: Biography of a River. New Haven and New York: Ticknor and Fields.

CL. Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles, Calif.

Clapin, Sylva. 1902. A New Dictionary of Americanisms. New York: Louis Weiss and Co.

Clarke, Asia Booth. 1882. The Elder and the Younger Booth. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

Clemens, Olivia Susan (Susy). See OSC.

Clifton, William. [1840?]. “The Last Link Is Broken. A duet composed and arranged for the piano forte, by Wm. Clifton.” New York: Firth and Hall. The Lester S. Levy Sheet Music Collection, Johns Hopkins University.

CLjC. The James S. Copley Library, La Jolla, California. The collection of the Copley Library was sold in a series of auctions at Sotheby’s, New York, in 2010 and 2011.

Cohen, William. 1991. At Freedom’s Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861–1915. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

[begin page 1128]

Colwell, James L. 1971. “Huckleberries and Humans: On the Naming of Huckleberry Finn.” PMLA 86 (January): 70–76.

Conard, Howard L., ed. 1901. Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri. 6 vols. New York: Southern History Company.

Conclin, George, comp. 1848. Conclin’s New River Guide; or, A Gazetteer of All the Towns on the Western Waters. Cincinnati: George Conclin.

Cooper, Helen A. 1982. John Trumbull: The Hand and Spirit of a Painter. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Art Gallery.

Couch, W. T. 1934. Culture in the South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Citations are to the 1970 reprint edition, Westport, Cohn.: Negro Universities Press.

Covici, Pascal, Jr. 1960. “Dear Master Wattie: The Mark Twain–David Watt Bowser Letters.” Southwest Review 45 (Spring): 106–9.

Craigie, William, ed., with James R. Hurlbert. 1936. A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles. 4 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

✱ Cramer, Zadok. 1817. The Navigator, Containing Directions for Navigating the Monongahela, Allegheny, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. 9th ed. Pittsburgh: Cramer, Spear and Eichbaum. Cramer’s book was in Clemens’s library (Gribben, 2:914), but it is not known which edition cf the twelve published between 1801 and 1824 he owned.

Crossett, Judith Hale. 1977. “A Critical Edition of Mark Twain’s Life on the Mississippi.” 3 vols. Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa, Iowa City.

CSmH. Henry E. Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens, San Marino, Calif.

CtHMTH. Mark Twain Memorial, Hartford, Conn.

CtY-BR. Yale University, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Conn.

CU. University of California, Berkeley, Main Library, Berkeley, Calif.

CU-BANC. University of California, The Bancroft Library, Berkeley.

CU-MAPS. University of California, Berkeley, Maps Collection, Berkeley, Calif.

CU-MARK. University of California, Mark Twain Papers, The Bancroft Library, Berkeley.

Cummings, Samuel. 1854. The Western Pilot; Containing Charts of the Ohio River and of the Mississippi, from the Mouth of the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico; Accompanied with Directions for Navigating the Same, and a Gazetteer. Corrected by Capts. Charles Ross and John Klinefelte. Cincinnati: J. A. and U. P. James.

[begin page 1129]

Cummings, Sherwood.

1988. Mark Twain and Science: Adventures of a Mind. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

1991. “Mark Twain’s Moveable Farm and the Evasion.” American Literature 63 (September): 440–58.

Current, Richard N. 1954. The Typewriter and the Men Who Made It. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

CY. 1979. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. Edited by Bernard L. Stein, with an introduction by Henry Nash Smith. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Da Ponte, Durant. 1959. “Life Reviews Huckleberry Finn.” American Literature 31 (March): 78–81.

✱ Darwin, Charles. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. Vol. 1 of 2. New York: D. Appleton and Co. Copy owned by Clemens, with marginalia, CU-MARK.

David, Beverly R.

1974. “The Pictorial Huck Finn: Mark Twain and His Illustrator, E. W. Kemble.” American Quarterly 26 (October): 331–51.

1982. “Mark Twain and the Legends for Huckleberry Finn.” American Literary Realism 15 (Autumn): 155–65.

David, Beverly R., and Ray Sapirstein. 1996. “Reading the Illustrations in Huckleberry Finn.” In SLC 1996, editorial back matter, 33–40.

Davidson, Loren K. 1968. “The Darnell-Watson Feud.” Duquesne Review 13 (Fall): 76–95.

Davis, Chester L., Sr. 1955. “Mark Twain’s Personal Marked Copy of History of European Morals by William Edward Hartpole Lecky (Continuation).” Twainian 14 (September-October): 1–4.

✱ Defoe, Daniel. 1747. Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. London: Printed for T. Woodward.

De Forest, J. W. 1872. “An Independent Ku-Klux.” Galaxy 13 (April): 480–88.

Den Hollander, A. N. J. [1934] 1970. “The Tradition of ‘Poor Whites.’ ” In Couch, 403–31.

De Vere, M. Schele. 1872. Americanisms: The English of the New World. New York: Charles Scribner and Co.

DeVinne, Theodore Low. [1883] 1926. Manual of Printing Office Practice. Reprint, with an introductory note by Douglas C. McMurtrie. New York: Press of Ars Typographica.

[begin page 1130]

DeVoto, Bernard.

1932. Mark Twain’s America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

1942. Mark Twain at Work. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

1946. The Portable Mark Twain. New York: Viking Press. (BAL 3574).

DGU. Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.

Dickens, Charles.

1842. American Notes for General Circulation. New York: Harper and Brothers.

✱ 1866–1870. The Works of Charles Dickens. Household Edition. 55 vols. New York: Hurd and Houghton.

✱ 1882. A Tale of Two Cities. New York: J. W. Lovell Company.

1970. A Tale of Two Cities. Penguin English Library. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.

Dickinson, Asa Don. 1935. “Huckleberry Finn Is Fifty Years Old—Yes; But Is He Respectable?” Wilson Bulletin for Librarians 10 (November): 180–85.

DLC. United States Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Dorson, Richard M., ed. 1967. American Negro Folktales. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Publications.

Douglass, Frederick. 1997. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. Edited by William L. Andrews and William S. McFeely. A Norton Critical Edition. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.

Doyno, Victor A.

1991. Writing “Huck Finn”: Mark Twain’s Creative Process. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

1996a. “Afterword.” In SLC 1996.

1996b. “Textual Addendum.” In SLC 1996.

Doyno, Victor A., ed. 2003. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: The Buffalo & Erie County Public Library CD-ROM Edition.

Drake, Samuel Adams. 1875. Nooks and Corners of the New England Coast. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Dresser, Amos. 1836. The Narrative of Amos Dresser with Stone’s Letters from Natchez, an Obituary Notice of the Writer, and Two Letters from Tallahassee, Relating to the Treatment of Slaves. New York: American Anti-Slavery Society.

Drew, Benjamin. 1882. Hints and Helps for Those Who Write, Print, or Read. Boston: Lee and Shepard; New York: Charles T. Dillingham.

Dumas, Alexandre.

[187–]a. The Count of Monte-Cristo. London: G. Routledge and Sons.

[187–]b. Novels and Tales. 14 vols. London and New York: George Routledge.

[begin page 1131]

Dundes, Alan. 1990. Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.

Eby, Cecil D., Jr. 1960. “Mark Twain’s ‘Plug’ and ‘Chaw’: An Anecdotal Parallel.” Mark Twain Journal 11 (Summer): 11, 25.

Edwards, Cyrus. 1940. Cyrus Edwards’ Stories of Early Days and Others. Edited and compiled by Florence Edwards Gardiner. Louisville, Ky.: The Standard Printing Company.

Edwards, Richard, ed. 1855. Statistical Gazetteer of the State of Virginia. Richmond, Va.: Richard Edwards.

Eggleston, Edward.

1871. The Hoosier School-Master: A Novel. New York: Orange Judd and Co.

1874. The Circuit Rider: A Tale of the Heroic Age. New York: J. B. Ford and Co.

1878. Roxy. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons.

Eliot, T. S.

1950. Introduction to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain). London: Cresset Press.

1953. American Literature and the American Language. Washington University Studies, Language and Literature, n.s., 23. St. Louis, Mo.: Committee on Publications, Washington University.

Ellis, James. 1991. “The Bawdy Humor of The King’s Camelopard or The Royal Nonesuch.” American Literature 63 (December): 729–35.

Ellison, Ralph. 1970. “What America Would Be Like Without Blacks.” Time 95 (6 April): 54–55.

Engle, Gary D. 1978. This Grotesque Essence: Plays from the American Minstrel Stage. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

Ensor, Allison. 1969. “The Location of the Phelps Farm in ‘Huckleberry Finn.’ ” South Atlantic Bulletin 34 (May): 7.

Esling, Catharine H. W., ed. 1842. Friendship’s Offering. Boston: E. Littlefield.

Estes, David C., ed. 1989. A New Collection of Thomas Bangs Thorpe’s “Sketches of the Old Southwest.” Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

ET&S1. 1979. Early Tales & Sketches, Volume 1 (1851–1864). Edited by Edgar Marquess Branch and Robert H. Hirst, with the assistance of Harriet Elinor Smith. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

ET&S2. 1981. Early Tales & Sketches, Volume 2 (1864–1865). Edited by Edgar Marquess Branch and Robert H. Hirst, with the assistance of Harriet Elinor Smith. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

[begin page 1132]

Falk, Bernard. 1942. The Bridgewater Millions: A Candid Family History. London: Hutchinson and Co.

Farmer, John S., comp. and ed. 1889. Americanisms—Old & New. London: Privately printed by Thomas Poulter and Sons.

Farmer, John S., and W. E. Henley. 1905. A Dictionary of Slang and Colloquial English. Abridged from the seven-volume work, entitled Slang and Its Analogues. London: George Routledge and Sons.

Fatout, Paul.

1960. Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

1976. Mark Twain Speaking. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.

Ferguson, DeLancey.

1938. “Huck Finn Aborning.” Colophon, n.s., 3 (Spring): 171–80.

1943. Mark Twain: Man and Legend. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company.

Field, J. M. 1847. The Drama in Pokerville; The Bench and Bar of Jury-town, and Other Stories. Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson and Brothers.

Fischer [Fisher], Henry W. 1922. Abroad with Mark Twain and Eugene Field: Tales They Told to a Fellow Correspondent. New York: Nicholas L. Brown.

Fischer, Victor. 1983. “Huck Finn Reviewed: The Reception of Huckleberry Finn in the United States, 1885–1897.” American Literary Realism 16 (Spring): 1–57.

Fishkin, Shelley Fisher. 1993. Was Huck Black? Mark Twain and African-American Voices. New York: Oxford University Press.

[Fitch, George Hamlin.] 1885. “Literature.” San Francisco Chronicle, 15 March, 6.

Fleming, Walter L. 1906. Documentary History of Reconstruction. 2 vols. Citations are to the 1960 reprint edition, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith.

Flexner, James Thomas. 1937. Doctors on Horseback: Pioneers of American Medicine. New York: Viking Press.

FM. 1972. Mark Twain’s Fables of Man. Edited by John S. Tuckey. Text established by Kenneth M. Sanderson and Bernard L. Stein. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

[begin page 1133]

Foner, Philip S. 1958. Mark Twain: Social Critic. New York: International Publishers.

Freedman. Collection of Samuel N. Freedman.

French, Bryant Morey. 1965. Mark Twain and “The Gilded Age”: The Book That Named an Era. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

Fry, Gladys-Marie. 1975. Night Riders in Black Folk History. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

✱ Fuller, Horace W. 1882. Noted French Trials: Impostors and Adventurers. Boston: Soule and Bugbee.

Gaffney, W. G. 1966. “Mark Twain’s ‘Duke’ and ‘Dauphin.’ ” ANS Notes 14 (September): 175–78.

Ganzel, Dewey.

1962a. “Samuel Clemens and Captain Marryat.” Anglia: Zeitschrift für Englische Philologie 80: 405–16.

1962b. “Twain, Travel Books, and Life on the Mississippi.” American Literature 34 (March): 40–55.

Gardner, Joseph H. 1968. “Gaffer Hexam and Pap Finn.” Modern Philology 66 (November): 155–56.

Gates, William Bryan. 1939. “Mark Twain to His English Publishers.” American Literature 11 (March): 78–80.

Genovese, Eugene D. 1974. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Pantheon Books.

Gerber, John C. 1985. “Introduction: The Continuing Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” In Sattelmeyer and Crowley, 1–12.

GEU. Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.

Gibson, William M. 1976. The Art of Mark Twain. New York: Oxford University Press.

Giddings, Robert, ed. 1985. Mark Twain: A Sumptuous Variety. London and Totowa, N.J.: Vision Press and Barnes and Noble Books.

Gilder, Richard Watson. 1887. “Certain Tendencies in Current Literature.” New Princeton Review, n.s., 4 (July): 1–13.

Gilder, Rosamond, ed. 1916. Letters of Richard Watson Gilder. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Gneiting, Teona Tone. 1977. “Picture and Text: A Theory of Illustrated Fiction in the Nineteenth Century.” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles.

[begin page 1134]

✱ Goldsmith, Oliver. 1882. The Vicar of Wakefield, a Tale. New York: John W. Lovell Company.

Goodyear, Russell H. 1971. “Huck Finn’s Anachronistic Double Eagles.” American Notes & Queries 10 (November): 39.

Gordon, Robert Winslow. 1927. “Negro ‘Shouts’ from Georgia.” New York Times Magazine, 24 April. Reprinted in Dundes, 445–51.

Gove, Philip Babcock, and the Merriam-Webster editorial staff. 1961. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Springfield, Mass.: G. and C. Merriam Company.

Graff, Gerald, and James Phelan, eds. 1995. “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Boston and New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press.

Graves, Wallace. 1968. “Mark Twain’s ‘Burning Shame.’ ” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 23 (June): 93–98.

Gribben, Alan.

1980. Mark Twain’s Library: A Reconstruction. 2 vols. Boston: G. K. Hall and Co.

1985. “ ‘I Did Wish Tom Sawyer Was There’: Boy-Book Elements in Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.” In Sattelmeyer and Crowley, 149–70.

Griska, Joseph M., Jr. 1977. “Two New Joel Chandler Harris Reviews of Mark Twain.” American Literature 48 (January): 584–89.

✱ Grose, Francis. 1785. A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. London: S. Hooper. PH of Clemens’s own copy, with marginalia, in CU-MARK, courtesy of Justin G. Turner and Howard Baetzhold.

Gunn, John C.

1836. Gunn’s Domestic Medicine, or Poor Man’s Friend, in the Hours of Affliction, Pain and Sickness. 8th ed. Springfield, Ohio: John M. Gallagher.

1867. Gunn’s New Family Physician: or, Home Book of Health. 100th ed. Cincinnati, New York: Moore, Wilstach and Baldwin.

Hale, Sarah J., and Louis A. Godey. 1856. “The Art of Making Wax Fruit and Flowers.” Godey’s Lady’s Book and Magazine 52 (January): 20–22.

Hall, Edward H. 1867. Appletons’ Hand-Book of American Travel. New York: D. Appleton and Co.

Hapgood, Olive C. 1893. School Needlework. Boston: Ginn and Co.

Hardwick, Charles. 1872. Traditions, Superstitions, and Folk-lore. Manchester: A. Ireland and Co.

Harris, Joel Chandler.

1883a. Nights with Uncle Remus. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

[begin page 1135]

1883b. “At Teague Poteet’s. A Sketch of the Hog Mountain Range.” Parts 1 and 2. Century Magazine 26 (May and June): 137–50, 185–94.

1885. “To the Editors of the Critic.” Letter dated 21 November. Critic, n.s., 4 (28 November): 253.

Harris, Julia Collier. 1918. The Life and Letters of Joel Chandler Harris. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Harris, N. Dwight. 1904. The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois and of the Slavery Agitation in That State, 1719–1864. Reprint. New York: Negro Universities Press.

Haupt, Clyde V. 1994. “Huckleberry Finn” on Film: Film and Television Adaptations of Mark Twain’s Novel, 1920–1993. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Co.

Hauptman, William, and Roger Miller. 1986. Big River: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. A Musical Play. New York: Grove Press.

Hay, John M.

1871. Pike County Ballads and Other Pieces. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1872. “Mark Twain at Steinway Hall.” New York Tribune, 25 January, 5.

Hazlitt, W. Carew.

1890. Studies in Jocular Literature: A Popular Subject More Closely Considered. London: Elliot Stock.

1905. Faiths and Folklore: A Dictionary of National Beliefs, Superstitions and Popular Customs, Past and Current, with Their Classical and Foreign Analogues, Described and Illustrated. 2 vols. London: Reeves and Turner.

Hearn, Michael Patrick.

1981. “Mark Twain, E. W. Kemble, and Huckleberry Finn.” American Book Collector 2 (November–December): 14–19.

2001. The Annotated Huckleberry Finn. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.

Heitman, Francis B. 1903. Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from Its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

Helper, Hinton Rowan. 1857. The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It. New York: Burdick Brothers. Citations are to the 1968 reprint edition, edited by George M. Frederickson, Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Hemingway, Ernest. 1935. Green Hills of Africa. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

[Henley, William Ernest.] 1884. “Novels of the Week.” Athenaeum 2983 (27 December): 855. Reprinted in Anderson and Sanderson, 120–21.

[begin page 1136]

Herkimer County Historical Society. 1923. The Story of the Typewriter, 1873–1923. Published in Commemoration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Invention of the Writing Machine. Herkimer, N.Y.: Herkimer Historical Society.

HF 1985. 1985. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited by Walter Blair and Victor Fischer. The Mark Twain Library. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

HF 1988. 1988. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited by Walter Blair and Victor Fischer, with the assistance of Dahlia Armon and Harriet Elinor Smith. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

HF 2001. 2001. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited by Victor Fischer and Lin Salamo, with Harriet Elinor Smith and the late Walter Blair. The Mark Twain Library. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

HF 2003. 2003. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited by Victor Fischer and Lin Salamo, with the late Walter Blair. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

HF 2010. 2010. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited by Victor Fischer and Lin Salamo, with Harriet Elinor Smith and the late Walter Blair. 125th anniversary edition, including “Mark Twain on Tour.” The Mark Twain Library. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

HH&T. 1969. Mark Twain’s Hannibal, Huck & Tom. Edited by Walter Blair. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

HHR. 1969. Mark Twain’s Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893–1909. Edited by Lewis Leary. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. 1870. Army Life in a Black Regiment. Citations are to the 1960 reprint edition, Michigan State University Press.

Highfill, Phillip H., Jr. 1961. “Incident in Huckleberry Finn.” Mark Twain Journal 11 (Fall): 6.

Hildreth, Richard. 1856. Archy Moore, The White Slave; or, Memoirs of a Fugitive. New York: Miller, Orton, and Mulligan. Citations are to the 1969 reprint edition, New York: Negro Universities Press.

Hill, Hamlin. 1964. Mark Twain and Elisha Bliss. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

Hill, Richard. 1991. “Overreaching: Critical Agenda and the Ending of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” In Graff and Phelan 1995, 312–34.

Hilton, G. W., R. Plummer, and J. Jobé. 1976. The Illustrated History of Paddle Steamers. Drawings by Carlo Demand. Lausanne: Edita; New York: Two Continents Pub. Group.

Hirsh, James. 1992. “Samuel Clemens and the Ghost of Shakespeare.” Studies in the Novel 24 (Fall): 251–72.

Hirst, Robert H. 2000. “Who Was ‘G. G., Chief of Ordnance’?” Bancroftiana (Fall): 8, 11.

Hoag, Gerald. 1989. “The Delicate Art of Geography: The Whereabouts of the Phelps Plantation in Huckleberry Finn.” English Language Notes 26 (June): 63–66.

[begin page 1137]

Hoffman, Daniel G. 1960. “Jim’s Magic: Black or White.” American Literature 32 (March): 47–54.

✱ Holcombe, Return I. 1884. History of Marion County, Missouri. St. Louis: E. F. Perkins. Citations are to the 1979 reprint edition, Hannibal: Marion County Historical Society.

Hooper, Johnson J.

1845. Some Adventures of Captain Simon Suggs, Late of the Tallapoosa Volunteers; . . . and Other Alabama Sketches. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart.

1851. The Widow Rugby’s Husband. Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson and Brothers.

Howell, Elmo.

1968. “Huckleberry Finn in Mississippi.” Louisiana Studies 7 (Summer): 167–72.

1970. “Mark Twain’s Arkansas.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 29 (Autumn): 195–208.

Howells, William Dean.

1910. My Mark Twain: Reminiscences and Criticisms. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1960. The Complete Plays of W. D. Howells. Edited by Walter J. Meserve. Under the general editorship of William M. Gibson and George Arms. New York: New York University Press.

Hughes, Langston, and Arna Bontemps, eds. 1958. The Book of Negro Folklore. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co.

Hughes, Langston, Milton Meltzer, C. Eric Lincoln, and Jon Michael Spencer. 1995. Pictorial History of African Americans. New York: Crown Publishers.

Hundley, Daniel R. 1860. Social Relations in Our Southern States. New York: Henry B. Price. Citations are to the 1979 reprint edition, edited, with an introduction, by William J. Cooper, Jr., Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

Hunter, Jim. 1963. “Mark Twain and the Boy-Book in 19th-Century America.” College English 24 (March): 430–38.

Hunter, Louis C., with Beatrice Jones Hunter. 1949. Steamboats on the Western Rivers: An Economic and Technological History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hunting, Robert. 1958. “Mark Twain’s Arkansaw Yahoos.” Modern Language Notes 73 (April): 264–68.

Hurd, John Codman. 1858–62. The Law of Freedom and Bondage in the United States. 2 vols. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.

[begin page 1138]

Hyatt, Harry Middleton. 1965. Folk-lore from Adams County Illinois. Memoirs of the Alma Egan Hyatt Foundation. 2d rev. ed. Hannibal, Mo.: Harry Middleton Hyatt.

ICRL. Center for Research Libraries, Chicago, Ill.

Inds. 1989. Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer among the Indians, and Other Unfinished Stories. Foreword and notes by Dahlia Armon and Walter Blair. The Mark Twain Library. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

IU. University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.

Ives, Sumner. 1950. “A Theory of Literary Dialect.” Tulane Studies in English 2: 137–82.

Jackson, Bruce, ed. 1967. The Negro and His Folklore in Nineteenth Century Periodicals. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Jacobi, Charles Thomas. 1888. The Printers’ Vocabulary: A Collection of Some 2500 Technical Terms, Phrases, Abbreviations and Other Expressions Mostly Relating to Letterpress Printing. London: Chiswick Press.

Jacobs, Donald M., ed. 1993. Courage and Conscience: Black and White Abolitionists in Boston. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

James, U. P. 1857. River Guide: Containing Descriptions of All the Cities, Towns, and Principal Objects of Interest, on the Navigable Waters of the Mississippi Valley. Cincinnati: U. P. James.

Janows, Jill, and Leslie Lee. 2000. “Born to Trouble: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” Part one of the four-part Public Broadcasting System series, Culture Shock. Videocassette, produced by the WGBH Educational Foundation, Boston.

JLC. Jane Lampton Clemens.

Johannsen, Albert. 1950. The House of Beadle and Adams and Its Dime and Nickel Novels. 2 vols. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

John, Arthur. 1981. The Best Years of the “Century”: Richard Watson Gilder, “Scribner’s Monthly,” and “Century Magazine,” 1870–1909. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Johnson, Charles A. 1955. The Frontier Camp Meeting: Religion’s Harvest Time. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.

Johnson, Merle. 1935. A Bibliography of the Works of Mark Twain, Samuel Langhorne Clemens. 2d ed., rev. and enl. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Jones, Joseph. 1946. “The ‘Duke’s’ Tooth-Powder Racket: A Note on Huckleberry Finn.” Modern Language Notes 61 (November): 468–69.

Jussim, Estelle. 1974. Visual Communication and the Graphic Arts: Photographic Technologies in the Nineteenth Century. New York and London: R. R. Bowker Company.

[begin page 1139]

Keeler, Ralph. 1871. “From Vicksburg to Memphis.” Every Saturday 16 (September): 284–86.

Kelly, Walter C. 1953. Of Me I Sing. New York: Dial Press.

Kemble, E. W. 1930. “Illustrating Huckleberry Finn.” Colophon, Part 1 (February): [41–48].

Kerr, Howard. 1972. Mediums, and Spirit-Rappers, and Roaring Radicals: Spiritualism in American Literature, 1850–1900. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Keynes, Simon. 1999. “Heptarchy.” In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, edited by Michael Lapidge et al. Oxford: Blackwell.

King, Moses. 1893. King’s Handbook of New York City: An Outline History and Description of the American Metropolis. 2d ed. Boston: Moses King.

Kirkham, E. Bruce. 1969. “Huck and Hamlet: An Examination of Twain’s Use of Shakespeare.” Mark Twain Journal 14 (Summer): 17–19.

Kiskis, Michael J., ed. 1990. Mark Twain’s Own Autobiography: The Chapters from the “North American Review.” Wisconsin Studies in American Literature, edited by William L. Andrews. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Koundakjian. Collection of Theodore H. Koundakjian.

Kruse, Horst H.

1967. “Annie and Huck: A Note on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” American Literature 39 (May): 207–14.

1981. Mark Twain and “Life on the Mississippi.” Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

Kuralt, Charles. 1985. Quoted in Edward Ziegler, “Huck Finn at 100,” Reader’s Digest 126 (February): 101.

L1. 1988. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 1: 1853–1866. Edited by Edgar Marquess Branch, Michael B. Frank, and Kenneth M. Sanderson. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

L2. 1990. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 2: 1867–1868. Edited by Harriet Elinor Smith, Richard Bucci, and Lin Salamo. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

L3. 1992. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 3: 1869. Edited by Victor Fischer, Michael B. Frank, and Dahlia Armon. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

L4. 1995. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 4: 1870–1871. Edited by Victor Fischer, Michael B. Frank, and Lin Salamo. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

L5. 1997. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 5: 1872–1873. Edited by Lin Salamo and Harriet Elinor Smith. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

[begin page 1140]

L6. 2002. Mark Twain’s Letters, Volume 6: 1874–1875. Edited by Michael B. Frank and Harriet Elinor Smith. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Also online at MTPO.

Letters 1876–1880. 2007. Mark Twain’s Letters, 1876–1880. Edited by Victor Fischer, Michael B. Frank, and Harriet Elinor Smith, with Sharon K. Goetz, Benjamin Griffin, and Leslie Myrick. Mark Twain Project Online. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [To locate a letter text from its citation, select the Letters link at http://www.marktwainproject.org, then use the “Date Written” links in the left-hand column.]

Landau, Sidney I. 1984. Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Landon, Melville D. [Eli Perkins, pseud.]. 1891. Thirty Years of Wit. New York: Cassell Publishing Company.

[Lathrop, George Parsons.] 1883. “Mark Twain’s Life on the Mississippi.” Atlantic Monthly 52 (September): 406–8.

LE. 1962. Mark Twain: Letters from the Earth. Edited by Bernard DeVoto, with a preface by Henry Nash Smith. New York: Harper and Row.

Leary, Lewis. 1974. “Troubles with Mark Twain: Some Considerations on Consistency.” Studies in American Fiction 2: 89–103.

✱ Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. 1874. History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton and Co.

Leonard, James S., Thomas A. Tenney, and Thadious M. Davis, eds. 1992. Satire or Evasion? Black Perspectives on “Huckleberry Finn.” Durham: Duke University Press.

Litwack, Leon. 1980. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. New York: Vintage Books.

Litwack, Leon F. 1998. Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

LLMT. 1949. The Love Letters of Mark Twain. Edited by Dixon Wecter. New York: Harper and Brothers.

LNT. Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

Long, Esmond R. 1962. A History of American Pathology. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

Lorch, Fred W. 1968. The Trouble Begins at Eight: Mark Twain’s Lecture Tours. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Lott, Eric. 1995. “Mr. Clemens and Jim Crow: Twain, Race, and Blackface.” In Robinson 1995, 129–52.

Lucas, E. V.

1910. “E. V. Lucas and Twain at a ‘Punch Dinner.’ ” Bookman 38 (June): 116–17.

1929. Notes dated 1 February. RPB-JH.

Lynn, Kenneth S.

1958. “Huck and Jim.” Yale Review 47 (Spring): 421–31. In Lynn 1961, 211–15.

1961. “Huckleberry Finn”: Text, Sources, and Criticism. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.

[begin page 1141]

Lytle, William M., comp. 1952. Merchant Steam Vessels of the United States, 1807–1868. Edited by Forrest R. Holdcamper. Publication no. 6. Mystic, Conn.: Steamship Historical Society of America.

MacCann, Donnarae, and Gloria Woodard, eds. 1985. The Black American in Books for Children: Readings in Racism. 2d ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press.

McCullough, Joseph B., and Janice McIntire-Strasburg. 1999. Mark Twain at the Buffalo “Express”: Articles and Sketches by America’s Favorite Humorist, Mark Twain. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.

McCurdy, Frances Lea. 1969. Stump, Bar, and Pulpit: Speechmaking on the Missouri Frontier. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

McDougall, Marion Gleason. 1891. Fugitive Slaves (1619–1865). Publications of the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women, Fay House Monographs no. 3. Boston: Ginn and Co.

McIlwaine, Shields. 1939. The Southern Poor-White from Lubberland to Tobacco Road. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Mackay, Alexander. 1849. The Western World; or, Travels in the United States in 1846–47. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.

MacKellar, Thomas.

1867. The American Printer: A Manual of Typography. 3d ed. Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths and Jordan.

1882. The American Printer: A Manual of Typography. 13th ed. Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths and Jordan.

1885. The American Printer: A Manual of Typography. 15th ed., rev. and enl. Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths and Jordan. Citations are to the 1977 reprint edition, Nevada City, Calif.: Harold A. Berliner.

MacKethan, Lucinda H. 1984. “Huck Finn and the Slave Narratives: Lighting Out as Design.” Southern Review 20 (April): 247–64.

McKinney, John. 1981. “Tom Sawyer’s Island.” Islands 1 (October-November): 60–65.

Mailloux, Steven. 1989. Rhetorical Power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Maitland, James. 1891. The American Slang Dictionary. Chicago: R. J. Kittredge and Co.

Manierre, William R. 1968. “On Keeping the Raftsmen’s Passage in Huckleberry Finn.” English Language Notes 6 (December): 118–22.

✱ Marryat, Frederick. 1839. A Diary in America, with Remarks on Its Institutions. New York: William H. Colyer.

[begin page 1142]

Martin, Francis, Jr. 1976. “Edward Windsor Kemble, a Master of Pen and Ink.” American Art Review 3 (January-February): 54–67.

Marx, Leo.

1957. “The Pilot and the Passenger: Landscape Conventions and the Style of Huckleberry Finn.” American Literature 28 (January): 129–46.

1967. “Introduction and notes.” In SLC 1967.

Masterson, James R. 1946. “Travelers’ Tales of Colonial Natural History (Concluded).” Journal of American Folklore 59 (April–June): 174–88.

Mathews, Anne. 1838. Memoirs of Charles Mathews, Comedian. 4 vols. London: Richard Bentley.

Mathews, Mitford M., ed. 1951. A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Matthews, Brander.

1885. “Huckleberry Finn.” Saturday Review 59 (31 January): 153–54. Reprinted in Anderson and Sanderson 1971, 121–25.

1922. “Memories of Mark Twain.” In The Tocsin of Revolt and Other Essays, 253–94. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

May, Earl Chapin. 1932. The Circus from Rome to Ringling. New York: Duffield and Green.

MBAt. Boston Athenaeum, Boston, Mass.

MCo. Concord Free Public Library, Concord, Mass.

Meine, Franklin J. 1960. “Some Notes on the First Editions of ‘Huck Finn.’ ” American Book Collector 10 (June): 31–34.

Mencken, H. L.

1909. “Novels and Other Books—Mostly Bad.” Smart Set 28 (August): 156–57.

1910. “The Greatest of American Writers.” Smart Set 31 (June): 153–54.

Merrick, George Byron. 1909. Old Times on the Upper Mississippi: The Recollections of a Steamboat Pilot from 1854 to 1863. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company.

MH-H. Harvard University, Houghton Library, Cambridge, Mass.

Michaelson, L. W. 1961. “Four Emmeline Grangerfords.” Mark Twain Journal 11 (Fall): 10–12.

✱ Michelet, Jules. 1848. Historical View of the French Revolution. Translated by Charles Cocks. London: H. G. Bohn.

Mieder, Wolfgang, Stewart A. Kingsbury, and Kelsie B. Harder, eds. 1992. A Dictionary of American Proverbs. New York: Oxford University Press.

[begin page 1143]

Miller, Michael G. 1980. “Geography and Structure in Huckleberry Finn.” Studies in the Novel 12 (Fall): 192–209.

Minor, Mary Willis. 1898. “How to Keep Off Witches (as Related by a Negro),” in “Notes and Queries.” Journal of American Folklore 11 (January–March): 76.

Minstrel Gags. 1875. Minstrel Gags and End Men’s Handbook. New York: Dick and Fitzgerald.

Missouri v. Owsley. 1845. State of Missouri v. William P. Owsley, File 3873. Marion County Circuit Court, Palmyra, Missouri.

Moody, Richard, ed. 1966. Dramas from the American Theatre 1762–1909. Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Company.

Moore, Chauncey O. 1964. Ballads and Folk Songs of the Southwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Moore, Julia A. 1928. The Sweet Singer of Michigan. Edited by Walter Blair. Chicago: Pascal Covici.

Moore, Olin Harris. 1922. “Mark Twain and Don Quixote.” PMLA 37 (June): 324–46.

Morris, Courtand P.

1930. “Philadelphia Business Man Original ‘Huck’ Finn of E. W. Kemble’s Drawings for Mark Twain’s Classic; Posed as Other Characters in Parents’ Old Clothes.” Clipping from an unidentified newspaper, conjecturally dated 18 May 1930, PH in CU-MARK; courtesy of Louis J. Budd and the Rare Book Room of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

1938. “The Model for Huck Finn.” Mark Twain Journal 2 (Summer–Fall): 22–23.

✱ Morrison, D. H., ed. 1882. The Treasury of Song for the Home Circle: The Richest, Best-Loved Gems. Philadelphia: Hubbard Brothers.

Morrison, Toni. 1996. “Introduction.” In SLC 1996.

Mott, Frank Luther.

1931. A History of American Magazines, 1741–1850. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

1957. A History of American Magazines, 1865–1885. 2d printing [1st printing, 1938]. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

MoU. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

MS. Manuscript.

MS1. 1876–1880. The first half of the Huckleberry Finn manuscript, comprising pages numbered 1–663, written over a four-year period, 1876–1880. Paper and ink differences distinguish two subsections of MS1: MS1a (1–446), all [begin page 1144] or most of which was written in June–September 1876, and MS1b (447–663), written in March–June 1880. The manuscript was believed lost until 1990, when it was discovered in a Los Angeles attic. Now at the Buffalo and Erie County Public Library (NBuBE).

MS2. 1883. The second half of the Huckleberry Finn manuscript, written in the summer of 1883, comprising pages numbered 160–787 (continuing the pagination of TS1, the typescript made from MS1) and pages numbered 81–A-1 through 81–60. Now at the Buffalo and Erie County Public Library (NBuBE).

MSM. 1969. Mark Twain’s Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts. Edited by William M. Gibson. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

MTA. 1924. Mark Twain’s Autobiography. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers.

MTB. 1912. Mark Twain: A Biography. By Albert Bigelow Paine. 3 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers. Volume numbers in citations are to this edition; page numbers are the same in all editions.

MTBus. 1946. Mark Twain, Business Man. Edited by Samuel Charles Webster. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.

MTE. 1940. Mark Twain in Eruption. Edited by Bernard DeVoto. New York: Harper and Brothers.

MTH. 1947. Mark Twain and Hawaii. By Walter Francis Frear. Chicago: Lakeside Press.

MTHL. 1960. Mark Twain–Howells Letters. Edited by Henry Nash Smith and William M. Gibson, with the assistance of Frederick Anderson. 2 vols. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

MTL. 1917. Mark Twain’s Letters. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers.

MTLBowen. 1941. Mark Twain’s Letters to Will Bowen. Edited by Theodore Hornberger. Austin: University of Texas Press.

MTLP. 1967. Mark Twain’s Letters to His Publishers, 1867–1894. Edited by Hamlin Hill. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

MTMF. 1949. Mark Twain to Mrs. Fairbanks. Edited by Dixon Wecter. San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library.

MTPO. Mark Twain Project Online. Edited by the Mark Twain Project. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [Launched 1 November 2007.] http://www.marktwainproject.org.

MTS.

1910. Mark Twain’s Speeches. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1923. Mark Twain’s Speeches. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. New York: Harper and Brothers.

[begin page 1145]

MTTB. 1940. Mark Twain’s Travels with Mr. Brown. Edited by Franklin Walker and G. Ezra Dane. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

MU. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

✱ Murray, Charles Augustus. 1839. Travels in North America during the Years 1834, 1835, & 1836. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley.

Musick, Ruth Ann. 1948. “The Tune the Old Cow Died On.” Hoosier Folk-lore 7 (December): 105–6.

N&J1. 1975. Mark Twain’s Notebooks & Journals, Volume 1 (1855–1873). Edited by Frederick Anderson, Michael B. Frank, and Kenneth M. Sanderson. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

N&J2. 1975. Mark Twain’s Notebooks & Journals, Volume 2 (1877–1883). Edited by Frederick Anderson, Lin Salamo, and Bernard Stein. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

N&J3. 1979. Mark Twain’s Notebooks & Journals, Volume 3 (1883–1891). Edited by Robert Pack Browning, Michael B. Frank, and Lin Salamo. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Nathan, Hans. 1962. Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Naylor, Benjamin. 1851. Naylor’s System of Teaching Geography. Philadelphia: T. Ellwood Chapman.

NBuBE. Buffalo and Erie County Public Library, Buffalo, N.Y.

NBuU. State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.

NcD. Duke University, Durham, N.C.

Neider, Charles, ed. 1961. Mark Twain: Life As I Find It. Garden City, N.Y.: Hanover House.

Neilson, William Allen, Thomas A. Knott, and Paul W. Carhart, eds. 1945. Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language. 2d ed. unabridged. Springfield, Mass.: G. and C. Merriam Company.

NElmHi. Chemung County Historical Society, Elmira, N.Y.

NjP-SC. Princeton University, Princeton Special Collection, Princeton, N.J.

NN. New York Public Library, New York, N.Y.

NNAL. American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, N.Y.

NN-BGC. New York Public Library, Albert A. and Henry W. Berg Collection, New York, N.Y.

NNC. Columbia University, New York, N.Y.

NNPM. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, N.Y.

Northup, Solomon. 1853. Twelve Years a Slave. Auburn, N.Y.: Derby and Miller.

[begin page 1146]

Norwood, William Frederick. 1944. Medical Education in the United States before the Civil War. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

NPV. Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.

O’Connor, William Van. 1955. “Why Huckleberry Finn Is Not the Great American Novel.” College English 17 (October): 6–10.

Oe, Kenzaburo. 1994. Quoted in Carlin Romano, “Nobel to Japanese writer; Oe’s political themes evoke a deep unease,” Houston Chronicle, 14 October, A20, and in Teresa Watanabe, “Japanese Writer Wins Nobel in Literature,” San Francisco Chronicle, 14 October, A1, A9.

OED.

1933. The Oxford English Dictionary: Being a Corrected Re-issue, with an Introduction, Supplement, and Bibliography, of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Prepared by James A. H. Murray, Henry Bradley, W. A. Craigie, and C. T. Onions. 13 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

1989. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2d ed. Prepared by J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner. 20 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Oehlschlaeger, Fritz H. 1981. “Huck Finn and the Meaning of Shame.” Mark Twain Journal 20 (Summer): 13–14.

OHi. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio.

OLC. Olivia Langdon Clemens (née Olivia Louise Langdon).

OLL. Olivia Louise Langdon.

Opitz, Glenn B. 1984. Dictionary of American Sculptors: 18th Century to the Present. Poughkeepsie, N.Y.: Apollo.

OSC (Olivia Susan [Susy] Clemens).

1885–86. Untitled biography of her father, MS of 131 pages, annotated by SLC, ViU. Published in OSC 1985, 83–225; in part in MTA, vol. 2, passim; and in Salsbury 1965, passim.

1985. Papa: An Intimate Biography of Mark Twain. Edited by Charles Neider. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co.

Ottley, Roi, and William J. Weatherby, eds. 1969. The Negro in New York: An Informal Social History, 1626–1940. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Paine, Albert Bigelow. 1923. Introduction to What Is Man? And Other Essays, by Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Volume 26 of the Writings of Mark Twain, Definitive Edition. New York: Gabriel Wells.

PAM. Pamela Ann Moffett.

P&P. 1979. The Prince and the Pauper. Edited by Victor Fischer and Lin Salamo, with the assistance of Mary Jane Jones. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

[begin page 1147]

Partridge, Eric. 1967. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Company.

Pasko, Wesley Washington. 1894. American Dictionary of Printing and Bookmaking. New York: Howard Lockwood and Co. Citations are to the 1967 reprint edition, Detroit: Gale Research Company.

Paulding, James Kirke. 1832. Westward Ho! A Tale. New York: J. and J. Harper.

[Pease, Lute]. 1895. “Mark Twain Talks.” Portland Oregonian, 11 August, 10. Reprinted in Budd 1977, 51–53. Pease later admitted that he had supplied some of Mark Twain’s words after the interview was unavoidably cut short, but that Mark Twain had later telegraphed him, “You said it better than I could have said it myself” (Shirley M. Friedman, “Mark Twain’s Favorite Reporter,” Editor & Publisher 82 [19 February 1949]: 10).

Penick, James Lal, Jr. 1981. The New Madrid Earthquakes. Rev. ed. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

Pennington, J. W. C. 1849. The Fugitive Blacksmith; or, Events in the History of James W. C. Pennington. In Bontemps 1969, 193–267.

Penny, Virginia. 1863. The Employments of Women: A Cyclopedia of Women’s Work. Boston: Walker, Wise, and Co.

Pettit, Arthur G. 1974. Mark Twain and the South. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

PH. Photocopy.

Pierson, Hamilton W. 1881. In the Brush; or, Old-Time Social, Political, and Religious Life in the Southwest. New York: D. Appleton and Co.

Pike, Martha V., and Janice Gray Armstrong. 1980. A Time to Mourn: Expressions of Grief in Nineteenth Century America. Stony Brook, N.Y.: The Museums at Stony Brook.

Pitcher, E. W. 1991. “Huck Finn as Sarah Williams: A Precedent for the Discovery Trick.” Notes and Queries, n.s., 38 (September): 324.

Plutzky, Jorge. 1998. Unpublished article and personal communication by Dr. Jorge Plutzky, Boston, Mass. PH in CU-MARK.

Poe, Edgar Allan. 1978. Collected Works of Edgar Allan Poe. Edited by Thomas Ollive Mabbott. 3 vols. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Pond, James B. 1900. Eccentricities of Genius: Memories of Famous Men and Women of the Platform and Stage. New York: G. W. Dillingham Company.

Powers, Lyall. 1985. “Mark Twain and the Future of Picaresque.” In Giddings 1985, 155–75.

[begin page 1148]

Puckett, Newbell Niles. 1926. Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Citations are to the 1968 reprint edition, New York: Negro Universities Press.

Quarles, John A. 1855. Deed of Emancipation. Recorded on 14 November by George Glenn, Clerk, Monroe County Circuit Court, Paris, Missouri. Monroe County Deed Records, Book O, 240.

Quick, Herbert, and Edward Quick. 1926. Mississippi Steamboatin’. New York: Henry Holt and Co.

Radford, E., and M. A. Radford. 1969. Encyclopedia of Superstitions. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Railton, Stephen. 1987. “Jim and Mark Twain: What Do They Stan’ For?” Virginia Quarterly Review 63 (Summer): 393–408.

Railton, Stephen, et al. 2002. “Reviews of Huckleberry Finn.” The Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/huckfinn/hucrevhp.html. Accessed 30 November 2002.

Ramsay, Robert L., and Frances G. Emberson. 1963. A Mark Twain Lexicon. New York: Russell and Russell.

Rasmussen, R. Kent. 1995. Mark Twain A to Z. New York: Oxford University Press.

Reade, Charles. 1861. The Cloister and the Hearth. London: Trübner and Co.

Redpath, James. 1859. The Roving Editor: or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States. New York: A. B. Burdick. Citations are to the 1968 reprint edition, New York: Negro Universities Press.

Reed, E. J., ed. 1861. Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects. Vol. 2. London: Institution of Naval Architects.

Reif, Rita. 1991. “The First Half of ‘Huck Finn’ Manuscript Is Discovered.” New York Times, 14 February, A2, B1–B2.

Reilly, Bernard F., Jr. 1993. The Art of the Antislavery Movement. Vol. 2. In Jacobs 1993, 47–74.

Revised Statutes.

1835. Revised Statutes of the State of Missouri, Revised and Digested by the Eighth General Assembly. St. Louis: Printed at the Argus Office.

1845. The Revised Statutes of the State of Missouri, Revised and Digested by the Thirteenth General Assembly. St. Louis: Printed for the State by J. W. Dougherty.

RI 1993. 1993. Roughing It. Edited by Harriet Elinor Smith, Edgar Marquess Branch, Lin Salamo, and Robert Pack Browning. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. This edition supersedes the one published in 1972. Also online at MTPO.

[begin page 1149]

Ringwalt, J. Luther, ed. 1871. American Encyclopaedia of Printing. Philadelphia: Menamin and Ringwalt.

Roberts, John W. 1989. From Trickster to Badman: The Black Folk Hero in Slavery and Freedom. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Robinson, Fayette. 1848. “Supplication.” Graham’s American Monthly Magazine of Literature and Art 33 (November): frontispiece, 267.

Robinson, Forrest G., ed. 1995. The Cambridge Companion to Mark Twain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rodney, Robert M., ed. 1982. Mark Twain International: A Bibliography and Interpretation of His Worldwide Popularity. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Rolfe, William J., ed. 1898. Shakespeare’s Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. New York: American Book Company.

Ross, Joan M. 1937. Post-Mortem Appearances. 3d ed. London: Oxford University Press.

Roueché, Berton. 1960. “Annals of Medicine: Alcohol, III–The Bird of Warning.” New Yorker 35 (23 January): 78–106.

RPB-JH. Brown University, John Hay Library of Rare Books and Special Collections, Providence, R.I.

Rubin, Louis D., Jr. 1967. The Teller in the Tale. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Rulon, Curt Morris. 1967. “The Dialects in Huckleberry Finn.” Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa, Iowa City.

Saintine, Joseph Xavier Boniface. 1848. Picciola. The Prisoner of Fenestrella; or, Captivity Captive. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.

Salm. Collection of Peter A. Salm.

Salsbury, Edith Colgate, ed. 1965. Susy and Mark Twain: Family Dialogues. New York: Harper and Row.

Salzman, Jack, ed. 1976. Prospects. New York: Burt Franklin and Co.

Sanborn, Franklin B. 1885. “Mark Twain and Lord Lytton.” Springfield (Mass.) Republican, 27 April, 2–3.

S&B. 1967. Mark Twain’s Satires & Burlesques. Edited by Franklin R. Rogers. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Sattelmeyer, Robert, and J. Donald Crowley, eds. 1985. One Hundred Years of “Huckleberry Finn”: The Boy, His Book, and American Culture. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

Scharf, J. Thomas. 1883. History of Saint Louis City and County, from the Earliest Periods to the Present Day. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts and Co.

[begin page 1150]

Schirer, Thomas. 1984. Mark Twain and the Theatre. Nuremburg: Hans Carl.

Schmitz, Neil. 1971. “Twain, Huckleberry Finn, and the Reconstruction.” American Studies 12 (Spring): 59–67.

Schultz, Christian. 1810. Travels on an Inland Voyage through the States of New-York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee . . . Performed in the Years 1807 and 1808. 2 vols. New York: Isaac Riley.

Scott, Arthur L. 1955. “The Century Magazine Edits Huckleberry Finn, 1884–1885.” American Literature 27 (November) 356–62.

Scott, Walter.

1822. The Fortunes of Nigel. 3 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Co.

1823. Quentin Durward. 3 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Co.

✱ 1827. The Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott. 5 vols. Philadelphia: J. Maxwell.

✱ 1842–47. Quentin Durward. Vol. 8 of The Waverley Novels, Abbotsford Edition. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Co.

✱ 1871. The Lady of the Lake. Edinburgh: John Ross and Co.

Seabrook, E. B. 1867. “The Poor Whites of the South.” Galaxy 4 (October): 681–90.

Shapiro, Michael Edward. 1985. Bronze Casting and American Sculpture 1850–1900. Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press.

Sharp, Cecil J. 1932. English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians. London: Oxford University Press.

Shaw, George Bernard. 1972. Bernard Shaw: Collected Letters, 1898–1910. Edited by Dan H. Laurence. London: Max Reinhardt.

Shultz, Suzanne M. 1992. Body Snatching: The Robbing of Graves for the Education of Physicians in Early Nineteenth Century America. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Co.

Siebert, Wilbur H.

1947. “Beginnings of the Underground Railroad in Ohio.” Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 56 (January): 70–93.

1967. The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom. Reprint. New York: Russell and Russell.

Simpson, F. A. 1929. The Rise of Louis Napoleon. London: Longmans, Green and Co.

Slater, Joseph. 1949. “Music at Col. Grangerford’s: A Footnote to Huckleberry Finn.” American Literature 21 (March): 108–11.

[begin page 1151]

SLC (Samuel Langhorne Clemens).

1851 [attributed]. “The New Costume.” Hannibal Western Union, 10 July.

1862. “Petrified Man.” Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, 4 October. Reprinted in ET&S1, 159.

1864. “Whereas.” Californian 1 (22 October): 1. Reprinted in ET&S2, 88–93, and in part as “Aurelia’s Unfortunate Young Man” in SLC 1867a, 20–25.

1865. “Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog.” New York Saturday Press 4 (18 November): 248–49. Reprinted in ET&S2, 262–72, 282–88.

1866a. “San Francisco Letter.” Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, 13–16 January, not extant. Reprinted as “Mark Twain’s Reminiscence” in both the Austin (Nev.) Reese River Reveille, 18 January, 3, and the Shasta (Calif.) Courier 15 (17 February): 1, and as “Captain Montgomery” in the Golden Era 14 (28 January): 6. Modern reprintings may be found in Walker 1938, 104–5; Henry Nash Smith, 8–9; Taper, 197–99.

1866b. “An Open Letter to the American People.” New York Weekly Review 17 (17 February): 1.

1866c. “Scenes in Honolulu—No. 13.” Letter dated 22 June, number 14 in the sequence. Sacramento Union, 16 July, 3. Scrapbook 6:118–19, CU-MARK. Reprinted in MTH, 328–34.

1867. “Letter from ‘Mark Twain.’ [No. 14.]” Letter dated 16 April. San Francisco Alta California, 26 May, 1. Reprinted in MTTB, 141–48.

1868. “Cannibalism in the Cars.” Broadway: A London Magazine, n.s. 1 (November): 189–94.

1868–1907. “Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven.” MSS. Various unfinished manuscripts with various titles, including “The Travels of Capt. Stormfield, Mariner, in Heaven,” “From Captain Stormfield’s Reminiscences,” and “Captain Stormfield Resumes,” NNAL and CU-MARK. Partially published in SLC 1907–8; reprinted in SLC 1909a, SLC 1922, 223–78, and Budd 1992b, 826–63.

1869a. The Innocents Abroad; or, The New Pilgrims’ Progress. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1869b. “Only a Nigger.” Buffalo Express, 26 August, 2. In McCullough and McIntire-Strasburg, 22–23.

1869c. “The ‘Wild Man.’ ‘Interviewed.’ ” Buffalo Express, 18 September, 1. In McCullough and McIntire-Strasburg, 53–56.

1870a. “The Tennessee Land.” Untitled autobiographical reminiscence. Published, with omissions, as “The Tennessee Land,” in MTA, 1:3–7; untitled, in AMT, 22–24; and in AutoMT1, 61–63.

1870b. “A Big Thing.” Buffalo Express, 12 March, 2. Reprinted in McCullough and McIntire-Strasburg, 161–66.

1870c. “Post-Mortem Poetry.” Galaxy 9 (June): 864–65.

1872. English travel diary. Partial MS of 100 pages, CU-MARK. Published in L5, 583–629; online on MTPO.

[begin page 1152]

1873–74. The Gilded Age: A Tale of To-day. Charles Dudley Warner, coauthor. Hartford: American Publishing Company. Early copies bound with 1873 title page, later ones with 1874 title page: see BAL, 2:3357.

1874. “A True Story, Repeated Word for Word as I Heard It.” Atlantic Monthly 34 (November): 591–94. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 578–82.

1875. “Old Times on the Mississippi.” Atlantic Monthly 35 (January–June): 69–73, 217–24, 283–89, 446–52, 567–74, 721–30; Atlantic Monthly 36 (August): 190–96.

1876a. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1876b. “A Literary Nightmare.” Atlantic Monthly 37 (February): 167–69. Reprinted as “Punch, Brothers, Punch!” in SLC 1878a, 5–12. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 639–43.

1876c. “A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage.” MS of eighty-nine leaves, written 21–22 April, TxU-Hu. Published in SLC 2001a and SLC 2001c.

1876d. “The Facts Concerning the Recent Carnival of Crime in Connecticut.” Atlantic Monthly 37 (June): 641–50. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 644–60.

1876e. “The Canvasser’s Tale.” Atlantic Monthly 38 (December): 673–76. Reprinted in SLC 1878a, 131–40, and Budd 1992a, 667–72.

1876–77. Ah Sin. Bret Harte, coauthor. Play written between October 1876 and February 1877. The only complete text is a prompt copy of 217 pages, in an unknown hand, at ViU. Published in SLC 1961. Twenty-seven MS pages of discarded dialogue, written by both Clemens and Harte, also at ViU.

1876–85. “A Record of the Small Foolishnesses of Susie & ‘Bay’ Clemens (Infants).” MS of 111 pages, “begun in August 1876 at ‘Quarry Farm,’ ” ViU.

1877a. MS of eleven pages, NNAL. Published as “Early Years in Florida, Missouri” in MTA, 1: 7–10, and AutoMT1, 64–65.

1877b. “Autobiography of a Damned Fool.” MS of 115 pages, written March–May, with minor revisions after 1880, CU-MARK. Published in S&B, 134–61.

1877c. “Cap’n Simon Wheeler, The Amateur Detective.” Play written between 27 June and 11 July. MS of 315 pages, including notes; amanuensis copy by Fanny C. Hesse of 162 pages, both CU-MARK. Published in S&B, 216–89.

[begin page 1153]

1877d. “The Undertaker’s Tale.” MS of thirty-six leaves, written ca. September–October, CU-MARK. Published in SLC 2001b, 60–69.

1877–78. “Some Rambling Notes of an Idle Excursion.” Atlantic Monthly 40 (October–December): 443–47, 586–92, 718–24; Atlantic Monthly 41 (January 1878): 12–19.

1878a. Punch, Brothers, Punch! and Other Sketches. New York: Slote, Woodman and Co.

1878b. “The Loves of Alonzo Fitz Clarence and Rosannah Ethelton.” Atlantic Monthly 41 (March): 320–30. Reprinted in SLC 1878a, 102–30.

1878c. “About Magnanimous-Incident Literature.” Atlantic Monthly 41 (May): 615–19. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 703–9.

1878d. “The Stolen White Elephant.” MS of 117 pages, written ca. November 1878 and originally intended for SLC 1880a, NN-BGC. First published in SLC 1882a, 7–35. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 804–23.

1878e. “The Great Revolution in Pitcairn.” Two Atlantic Monthly galley proofs, corrected by SLC, CU-MARK. Written ca. December 1878 and originally intended for SLC 1880a. First published in SLC 1879b. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 710–21.

1879a. “Concerning the American Language.” Written ca. March 1879 and originally intended for SLC 1880a. First published in SLC 1882a, 265–69. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 830–33.

1879b. “The Great Revolution in Pitcairn.” Atlantic Monthly 43 (March): 295–302.

1880?. “A Few Epitaphs: Mark Twain Unfolds a Few Striking Specimens.” Interview printed in the Hartford Post of unknown date, clipping, marked “80s,” in CU-MARK.

1880a. A Tramp Abroad. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1880b. [Date, 1601.] Conversation, as It Was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors. A small, unauthorized edition privately printed for John Hay by Alexander Gunn of Cleveland, Ohio. Reprinted in SLC 1920 (in facsimile) and in Budd 1992a, 661–66. According to Mark Twain, 1601 was originally written as a letter to Joseph Hopkins Twichell in the summer of 1876 (AD, 31 July 1906).

1880c. “A Cat-Tale.” MS of forty-three pages, illustrated by the author, written for the Clemens children, CU-MARK. First published in SLC 1959. Reprinted in LE, 125–34, and Budd 1992a, 763–72.

1880d. “On the Decay of the Art of Lying.” Paper presented at the Hartford Monday Evening Club on 5 April. Published in SLC 1882a, 217–25. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 824–29.

[begin page 1154]

1880e. “Unlearnable Things.” Atlantic Monthly 45 (June): 849–52. Reprinted as “Reply to a Boston Girl” in Budd 1992a, 742–46.

1880f. “A Telephonic Conversation.” Atlantic Monthly 45 (June): 841–43. MS of seventeen pages, CtY-BR; one galley proof, corrected by SLC. CU-MARK. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 738–41.

1880g. “Edward Mills and George Benton: A Tale.” Atlantic Monthly 46 (August): 226–29. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 747–52.

1880h. “Mrs. McWilliams and the Lightning.” Atlantic Monthly 46 (September): 380–84. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 753–60.

1880i. “The Shakspeare Mulberry.” MS of twelve pages, written on 23 November, CtHMTH.

1881a. [“Burlesque Etiquette.”] Untitled MS of 102 leaves, CU-MARK; two additional leaves, CL. Published in part in MTB, 2:705–6, and LE, 193–208.

1881b. The Prince and the Pauper: A Tale for Young People of All Ages. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1881c. “The Second Advent.” Unfinished MS of eighty-six leaves, CU-MARK. Published in FM, 50–68.

1881d. “Hamlet.” Unfinished MS of fifty-eight leaves written August–September, including working notes and interpolated pages from an acting copy of Hamlet published by Samuel French, CU-MARK. Published as “Burlesque Hamlet” in S&B, 49–87.

1881e. “A Curious Experience.” MS of 120 pages (missing its final page or two), NjP-SC. Published in Century Magazine 23 (November): 35–46.

[1882?]. “[Advice to Youth].” Untitled speech. MS of sixteen pages, CU-MARK. Published as “Advice to Youth” in MTS 1923, 104–8.

1882a. The Stolen White Elephant, Etc. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1882b. Date 1601. Conversation, as It Was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors. [West Point, N.Y.]: Done att Ye Academie Presse. Reprinted in facsimile in SLC 1920.

1882c. Draft of Chapter 51 of Life on the Mississippi. MS of thirty-seven pages, NNPM.

1882d. “The McWilliamses and the Burglar Alarm.” Harper’s Christmas: Pictures & Papers Done by the Tile Club and Its Literary Friends (December): 28–29. Reprinted in SLC 1922a, 315–24, and Budd 1992a, 837–43.

1883a. Life on the Mississippi. Boston: James R. Osgood and Co.

1883b. “1,002. An Oriental Tale.” MS of 179 leaves and PH of an additional five leaves, written between 14 June and 20 July, CU-MARK; [begin page 1155] typed title page and two TSS of sixty-seven leaves, revised by the author, CU-MARK. TS version published as “1,002” (listed in table of contents as “1,002d Arabian Night”) in S&B, 88–133.”

1883c. “Colonel Sellers As a Scientist.” William Dean Howells, coauthor. Play written primarily between October and December 1883. MS of 425 pages, CU-MARK; complete TS, CtY-BR; partial TS, ViU. Published in Howells 1960, 205–41.

1883–84. Unused dedication for Adventures of Huckleberry Finn entitled “To the Once Boys & Girls.” MS of one page, with a note by Charles L. Webster (“Never used.”). Tipped into a copy of SLC 1885, with the following note on the flyleaf: “This copy of ‘Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ was bound by J. F. Tapley Nov. 26th 1884, and is the first copy ever bound. | Chas. L. Webster | Publisher.” PH in CU-MARK.

1884a. “Hunting for H——.” New York Sun, 24 August, 2. Reprinted in Budd 1982, 11–15.

1884b. “An Adventure of Huckleberry Finn: With an Account of the Famous Grangerford-Shepherdson Feud.” Century Magazine 29 (December): 268–78.

1885a. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Charles L. Webster and Co.

1885b. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 2 vols. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz.

1885c. “Jim’s Investments, and King Sollermun.” Century Magazine 29 (January): 456–58.

1885d. “Royalty on the Mississippi: As Chronicled by Huckleberry Finn.” Century Magazine 29 (February): 544–67.

1885e. “Remarks at Actors’ Fund Fair, Academy of Music, Philadelphia, 9 April.” Speech delivered at the Actors Fund Fair at the Academy of Music, Philadelphia, on 9 April 1885. In MTS 1910, 265, as “Obituary Poetry (misdated) and Fatout 1976, 194.

1885f. “The Private History of a Campaign That Failed.” Century Magazine 31 (December): 193–204. Reprinted in Budd 1992a, 863–82.

1886. Speech at the Typothetae Dinner, Delmonico’s, New York, on 18 January, as reported in “The Typothetae.” Hartford Courant, 20 January, 1. Reprinted as “The Compositor” in Fatout 1976, 200–202.

1889. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. New York: Charles L. Webster and Co.

1893–94. "Tom Sawyer Abroad.” St. Nicholas: An Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks 21 (November 1893–April 1894): 20–29, 116–127, 250–58, 348–56, 392–401, 539–48.

[begin page 1156]

1894. The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson and the Comedy Those Extraordinary Twins. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

1895a. “Annotation for public reading of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1885 (with November 1893 advertisement on back cover). Author’s personal copy in CU-MARK. Volume 2 no longer extant. Pages annotated by Clemens are reproduced in Mark Twain’s Revisions for Public Reading, 1895–1896.

1895b. “Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offences.” North American Review 161 (July): 1–12.

1896. “Tom Sawyer, Detective.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 93 (August–September): 344–61, 519–37.

[1897?]. Autobiographical notes. MS of one page (beginning “Campmeeting. . . . ”), PH in CU-MARK. Formerly acquisition no. A-1392, CCamarSJ. Sold as lot 1198, Estelle Doheny Collection . . . Part IV, 17 and 18 October 1988, Christie, Manson and Woods International; present location unknown.

1897a. “A Little Note to M. Paul Bourget.” In Tom Sawyer, Detective, As Told by Huck Finn, and Other Tales, 225–46. London: Chatto and Windus.

1897b. “Villagers of 1840–3.” MS of forty-three leaves, written in July–August, CU-MARK. Published in Inds, 93–108.

1897–98. “My Autobiography. [Random Extracts from It.]” MS of seventy-five pages, CU-MARK. Published with omissions as “Early Days” in MTA, 1:81–115, and in full in AutoMT1, 203–20.

[1900]. “Scraps from My Autobiography. Playing ‘Bear.’ Herrings. Jim Wolf and the Cats.” MS of forty-two leaves, CU-MARK. Published in MTA, 1:125–43, and AutoMT1, 155–63.

[1902]. Autobiographical notes. MS of one page (numbered “3” and beginning “Seek & get measles . . . ”), CU-MARK.

1902a. “A Defence of General Funston.” North American Review 174 (May): 613–24. Reprinted in Zwick 1992, 119–32.

1902b. Letter to the Denver Post dated 14 August. In “Mark Twain Scores: Some Individuals Who Don’t Like ‘Huckleberry Finn.’ ” New York Tribune, 22 August, 9.

1902c. Letter to the editor of the Omaha World-Herald dated 23 August. In “Mark Twain on ‘Huck Finn.’ New York Times, 6 September, 597.

[begin page 1157]

[1906?]. “Notes on Susy Clemens’s Biography of Mark Twain.” Notes glossing OSC 1885–86. MS of thirty-two pages, ViU. Published in OSC 1985.

1906a. “A Family Sketch.” MS of sixty-one leaves, written and revised from about 1896 to 1906, CU-MARK.

1906b. “The $30,000 Bequest” and Other Stories. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1906c. “William Dean Howells.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 113 (July): 221–25. Reprinted in Budd 1992b, 722–30.

1907. “Chapters from My Autobiography.—XXIII. By Mark Twain.” North American Review 186 (October): 161–73. Reprinted in Kiskis, 210–20.

1907–8. “Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 116 (December 1907): 41–49; (January 1908): 266–76.

1909a. Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven. New York and London: Harper and Brothers.

1909b. Is Shakespeare Dead? From My Autobiography. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1909c. Autobiographical MS of six pages, dated 25 March, CU-MARK. Published in SLC 1909b, 144–50.

1920. Date 1601. Conversation As It Was by the Social Fireside in the Time of the Tudors. Comprising facsimiles of the original edition and the revised or West Point Edition. Privately printed.

1922. The Mysterious Stranger and Other Stories. New York: Harper and Brothers.

1923. “The United States of Lyncherdom.” New York and London: Harper and Brothers. In Europe and Elsewhere, edited by Albert Bigelow Paine, 239–49.

1942. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited by Bernard DeVoto. New York: Limited Editions Club.

1944. Life on the Mississippi. Edited by Willis Wager. New York: Limited Editions Club.

1958. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited, with an introduction and notes, by Henry Nash Smith. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, Riverside Press.

1959. Concerning Cats: Two Tales by Mark Twain. Introduction by Frederick Anderson. San Francisco: The Book Club of California.

1961. “Ah Sin.” A Dramatic Work by Mark Twain and Bret Harte. Edited by Frederick Anderson. San Francisco: Book Club of California.

[begin page 1158]

1962. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. A Facsimile of the First Edition. With an introduction by Hamlin Hill. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Company.

1967. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited, with an introduction and notes, by Leo Marx. The Library of Literature. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company.

1982. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer . . . A Facsimile of the Author’s Holograph Manuscript. Introduction by Paul Baender. 2 vols. Frederick, Md., and Washington, D.C.: University Publications of America and Georgetown University Library.

1983. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . . . A Facsimile of the Manuscript. Detroit: Gale Research Company.

1995. “Jim and the Dead Man.” Previously unpublished excerpt from the manuscript of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, printed as “Jim and the Dead Man.” New Yorker 71 (26 June and 3 July): 128–30.

1996a. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Foreword by Shelley Fisher Fishkin. Introduction by Toni Morrison. Afterword by Victor A. Doyno. The Oxford Mark Twain. New York: Oxford University Press.

1996b. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Introduction by Justin Kaplan. Foreword and addendum by Victor A. Doyno. New York: Random House.

1996c. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited by Michael Hulse. Cologne: Könemann.

2001a. A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage. Foreword and afterword by Roy Blount, Jr. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.

2001b. Twenty-Two Easy Pieces by Mark Twain. Unpublished Manuscripts Selected from the Mark Twain Papers. Foreword by Robert H. Hirst. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

2001c. “A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage.” Atlantic Monthly 288 (July–August): 54–64.

Sloane, David E. E. 1988. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: American Comic Vision. Boston: Twayne Publishers.

Smith, Benjamin E., ed. 1902. The Century Atlas of the World. New York: Century Company.

Smith, David L. 1984. “Huck, Jim, and American Racial Discourse.” Mark Twain Journal 22 (Fall): 4–12. In Leonard, Tenney, and Davis 1992, 103–20.

Smith, Henry Nash.

1958a. Introduction to Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, Riverside Press.

[begin page 1159]

1958b. “Mark Twain’s Images of Hannibal: From St. Petersburg to Eseldorf.” Texas Studies in English 37: 3–23.

1962. Mark Twain: The Development of a Writer. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Smith, Herbert F. 1970. Richard Watson Gilder. New York: Twayne Publishers.

Smith, John David. 1996. Black Voices from Reconstruction, 1865–1877. Brookfield, Conn.: Millbrook Press.

Smith, Solomon F. 1868. Theatrical Management in the West and South for Thirty Years. New York: Harper and Brothers. Citations are to the 1968 reprint edition, edited by Arthur Thomas Tees, New York: Benjamin Blom.

Smyth, W. H. 1867. The Sailor’s Word-Book: An Alphabetical Digest of Nautical Terms. London: Blackie and Son.

Spaulding, Henry G. 1863. Excerpt from Under the Palmetto. In Jackson, 64–73.

Sprague, William B. 1858. Annals of the American Pulpit: Presbyterian. New York: Robert Carter and Brothers.

Stevens, Walter B. 1911. St. Louis: The Fourth City, 1764–1911. 2 vols. St. Louis: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company.

Stevenson, Burton, ed. 1934. The Home Book of Quotations, Classical and Modern. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co.

Stewart, A. A., comp. 1912. The Printer’s Dictionary of Technical Terms. Boston: School of Printing, North End Union.

Still, William.

1872. The Underground Rail Road. Philadelphia: Porter and Coates.

✱ 1883. The Underground Rail Road. Rev. ed. Philadelphia: William Still.

Stowe, Harriet Beecher.

1853. A Key to “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”; Presenting the Original Facts and Documents upon Which the Story Is Founded. Boston: John P. Jewett and Co.

1856. Dred; A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. 2 vols. Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Co.

Stower, Caleb. 1808. The Printer’s Grammar; or, Introduction to the Art of Printing. London: C. Stower.

Strickland, Carol Colclough. 1976. “Emmeline Grangerford, Mark Twain’s Folk Artist.” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 79 (Winter): 225–33.

[begin page 1160]

Summers, Montague. 1946. Witchcraft and Black Magic. London: Rider and Co.

Sweets, Henry H., III. 1984. The Hannibal, Missouri, Presbyterian Church: A Sesquicentennial History. Hannibal, Mo.: Presbyterian Church of Hannibal.

Tadman, Michael. 1989. Speculators and Slaves. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Tanselle, G. Thomas.

1972. “Some Principles for Editorial Apparatus.” Studies in Bibliography 25: 41–88.

1975. “Problems and Accomplishments in the Editing of the Novel.” Studies in the Novel 7 (Fall): 323–60.

1976. “The Editorial Problem of Final Authorial Intention.” Studies in Bibliography 29: 167–211.

1981. “Literary Editing.” In Vogt and Jones, 35–56.

1986. “Historicism and Critical Editing.” Studies in Bibliography 39: 1–46.

1990. “Textual Criticism and Deconstruction.” Studies in Bibliography 43: 1–33.

1994. “Editing Without a Copy-Text.” Studies in Bibliography 47: 1–22.

Taper, Bernard, ed. 1963. Mark Twain’s San Francisco. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Taylor, Arnold H. 1976. Travail and Triumph: Black Life and Culture in the South Since the Civil War. Contributions in Afro-American Studies, Number 26. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Thayer, Stuart. 1974. “A Short History of Three Equestrian Acts.” Bandwagon 18 (March–April): 8–10.

Thomas, Daniel Lindsey, and Lucy Blayney Thomas. 1920. Kentucky Superstitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[Thompson, William T.] 1845. The Chronicles of Pineville. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart.

Thornton, Richard H. 1912. An American Glossary. 3 vols. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company.

Thorpe, Thomas Bangs.

1842. “The Disgraced Scalp Lock, or Incidents on the Western Waters.” Spirit of the Times 16 (July): 229–30. In Estes 1989, 170–80.

1855. “Remembrances of the Mississippi.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 12 (December): 25–41.

Ticknor, Caroline.

1914. “ ‘Mark Twain’s’ Missing Chapter.” Bookman 39 (May): 298–309.

1922. Glimpses of Authors. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

[begin page 1161]

Tidwell, James Nathan. 1942. “Mark Twain’s Representation of Negro Speech.” American Speech 17 (October): 174–76.

Timbs, John. 1876. Doctors and Patients; or, Anecdotes of the Medical World and Curiosities of Medicine. London: Richard Bentley and Son.

Tooker, L. Frank. 1924. The Joys and Tribulations of an Editor. New York: The Century Company.

Trelease, Allen W. 1971. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. New York: Harper and Row.

Trenck, Friedrich. 1853. The Life of Baron Frederick Trenck. Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell.

Trexler, Harrison Anthony. 1914. Slavery in Missouri, 1804–1865. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

Trollope, Frances. 1832. Domestic Manners of the Americans. 2 vols. London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Co. Clemens owned an 1832 edition, complete in one volume (London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Co.; New York: Reprinted for the booksellers).

Trowbridge, J. T. 1864. Cudjo’s Cave. Boston: J. E. Tilton and Co.

TS. Typescript.

TS1. Typescript, no longer extant, of the first half of the Huckleberry Finn manuscript (MS1), probably made in late 1882 or early 1883 and apparently numbered 1–159.

TS2. Typescript, no longer extant, of the second half of the Huckleberry Finn manuscript (MS2), made in the late summer of 1883. TS2 became printer’s copy for the second half of the book.

TS3. Typescript, no longer extant, of the first half of Huckleberry Finn, made in 1884 from TS1. TS3 incorporated Mark Twain’s revisions on TS1 and William Dean Howells’s corrections, and it became printer’s copy for the first half.

TS. 1980. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; Tom Sawyer Abroad; and Tom Sawyer, Detective. Edited by John C. Gerber, Paul Baender, and Terry Firkins. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

TSA. 1982. Tom Sawyer Abroad; Tom Sawyer, Detective. Foreword and notes by John C. Gerber, text established by Terry Firkins. The Mark Twain Library. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Turner, Arlin. 1960. Mark Twain and George W. Cable: The Record of a Literary Friendship. [East Lansing]: Michigan State University Press.

[begin page 1162]

Turner, Timothy G. 1867. Gazetteer of the St. Joseph Valley, Michigan and Indiana, with a View of Its Hydraulic and Business Capacities. Chicago: Hazlitt and Reed.

TxU. University of Texas, Austin.

TxU-Hu. Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin.

Uk. British Library, London, England.

UkReU. University of Reading Library, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, England.

Urnov, Dimitri. 1986. Quoted in Diana Ketcham, “Soviet Study at UC Focuses on Twain,” Oakland Tribune, 28 July, C-1, C-3.

ViU. University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Vogelback, Arthur Lawrence. 1939. “The Publication and Reception of Huckleberry Finn in America.” American Literature 11 (November): 260–72.

Vogt, George L., and John Bush Jones, eds. 1981. Literary and Historical Editing. Lawrence: University of Kansas Libraries.

✱ Walpole, Horace. 1861–66. The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Oxford. Edited by Peter Cunningham. 9 vols. London: Henry G. Bohn.

Waterman, Catharine H., ed. 1841. Friendship’s Offering. Philadelphia: Marshall, Williams, and Butler.

Watts, Peter. 1977. A Dictionary of the Old West, 1850–1900. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Way, Frederick, Jr.

1943. Pilotin’ Comes Natural. New York and Toronto: Farrar and Rinehart.

1972. “Diagrams.” S&D Reflector 9 (June): 24.

WEU. University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wis.

Webster, Noah.

[1870]. A Dictionary of the English Language. Rev. and enl. by Chauncey A. Goodrich and Thomas Heber Orr. 2 vols. Glasgow: William Mackenzie.

1884. An American Dictionary of the English Language. Rev. and enl. by Chauncey A. Goodrich. Springfield, Mass.: G. and C. Merriam and Co.

1889. An American Dictionary of the English Language. Rev. and enl. by Chauncey A. Goodrich and Noah Porter. Springfield, Mass.: G. and C. Merriam and Co.

1894. An American Dictionary of the English Language. Rev. and enl. by Chauncey A. Goodrich. Chicago: Webster’s Dictionary Pub. Company.

[begin page 1163]

Wecter, Dixon. 1952. Sam Clemens of Hannibal. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, Riverside Press.

Wells, Amos S. 1945. A Treasure of Hymns: Brief Biographies of One Hundred and Twenty Leading Hymn-Writers with Their Best Hymns. Boston: W. A. Wilde Company.

Wells, David M. 1973. “More on the Geography of ‘Huckleberry Finn.’ ” South Atlantic Bulletin 38 (November): 82–86.

Wells, Evelyn Kendrick. 1950. The Ballad Tree. New York: Ronald Press Company.

Welsh, Donald H. 1962. “Sam Clemens’ Hannibal, 1836–1838.” Midcontinent American Studies Journal 3 (Spring): 28–43. The article actually covers the years 1846–48.

Wentworth, Harold. 1944. American Dialect Dictionary. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.

Westerhoff, John H., III. 1978. McGuffey and His Readers. Nashville: Abingdon.

✱ White, Gilbert. 1875. The Natural History of Selborne. London: Bickers and Son.

Whiting, B. J. 1944. “Guyuscutus, Royal Nonesuch and Other Hoaxes.” Southern Folklore Quarterly 8 (December): 251–75.

Wild, J. C., and Lewis F. Thomas, eds. 1841. The Valley of the Mississippi, Illustrated . . . Drawn and Lithographed by J. C. Wild. No. 3, September. St. Louis: J. C. Wild.

Wilkinson, Tracy. 1991. “Missing Twain Manuscript Is Believed Found.” Los Angeles Times, 13 February, A1, A3.

Wilson, F. P., ed. 1970. The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs. 3d ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

WIM. 1973. What Is Man? and Other Philosophical Writings. Edited by Paul Baender. The Works of Mark Twain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Windell, Marie George. 1943. “The Camp Meeting in Missouri.” Missouri Historical Review 37 (April): 253–70.

Wolford, Leah Jackson. 1916. The Play-Party in Indiana. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Commission.

Woodard, Fredrick, and Donnarae MacCann.

1984. “ ‘Huckleberry Finn’ and the Traditions of Blackface Minstrelsy.” Interracial Books for Children Bulletin 15: 4–13. Also in MacCann and Woodard 1985, 75–103.

1992. “Minstrel Shackles and Nineteenth-Century ‘Liberality’ in Huckleberry Finn.” In Leonard, Tenney, and Davis 1992, 141–53.

[begin page 1164]

Worcester, Joseph E. 1863. A Dictionary of the English Language. Boston: Brewer and Tileston.

Workwoman’s Guide. 1838. The Workwoman’s Guide . . . By a Lady. London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.

✱ Wright, William [Dan De Quille, pseud.]. 1877. History of the Big Bonanza. Hartford: American Publishing Company.

WU. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.

WWD. 1967. Mark Twain’s Which Was the Dream? and Other Symbolic Writings of the Later Years. Edited by John S. Tuckey. The Mark Twain Papers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Wyeth, John Allan. 1914. With Sabre and Scalpel. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Yellin, Jean Fagan. 1972. The Intricate Knot: Black Figures in American Literature, 1776–1863. New York: New York University Press.

YSMT. Yale Scrapbook, Willard S. Morse Collection, CtY-BR. Clemens used this scrapbook to collect clippings of his articles dating from December 1863 to October 1866, many of which he revised in the margins.

Zellers, John A. 1948. The Typewriter: A Short History, on its 75th Anniversary, 1873–1948. New York: Newcomen Society of England, American Branch.

Zwick, Jim. 1992. Mark Twain’s Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.