The present text is based upon Mark Twain's final holographic text, a manuscript (Paine 186) together with revisions he inscribed in a typescript prepared by Jean Clemens. In the manuscript the lines of writing again follow the long dimension of “Pratt's” tablet leaves. Mark Twain dated the manuscript June 1905 and the typescript “Summer-end” of 1905. The title in the manuscript is “Interpreting the Deity”; Mark Twain changed it to the present title in the typescript. See the Explanatory Notes for an account of the Egyptian and Dighton Rock “inscriptions.”
First printed, revised and abridged by Paine, in WIM, pp. 265–274; reprinted in 26Z: 265–274; text derivative of SLC 1963, pp. 523–529.
[1905]
This line of hieroglyphsⒺexplanatory note was for fourteen years the despair of all the scholars who labored over the mysteries of the Rosetta stone:
After five years of study Champollion translated it thus:
Therefore let the worship of EpiphanesⒺexplanatory note be maintained in all the temples; this upon pain of death.
That was the twenty-fourth translation that had been furnished by scholars. For a time, it stood. But only for a time. Then doubts began to assail it and undermine it, and the scholars resumed their labors. Three years of patient work produced eleven new translations; among them, this, by Grünfeldt, was received with considerable favor:
The horse of Epiphanes shall be maintained at the public expense; this upon pain of death.
But the following rendering, by Gospodin, was received by the learned world with yet greater favor:
[begin page 110]The priest shall explain the wisdom of Epiphanes to all the people, and these shall listen with reverence, upon pain of death.
Seven years followed, in which twenty-one fresh and widely varying renderings were scored—none of them quite convincing. But now, at last, came Rawlinson, the youngest of all the scholars, with a translation which was immediately and universally recognised as being the correct version, and his name became famous in a day. So famous, indeed, that even the children were familiar with it; and such a noise did the achievement itself make that not even the noise of the monumental political event of that same year—the Flight from Elba—was able to smother it to silence. Rawlinson's version reads as follows:
Therefore, walk not away from the wisdom of Epiphanes, but turn and follow it; so shall it conduct thee to the temple's peace, and soften for thee the sorrows of life and the pains of death.
Here is another difficult text:
It is demotic—a style of Egyptian writing and a phase of the language which had perished from the knowledge of all men 2500 years before the Christian era. But the scholars of our day have penetrated its secret. The above text baffled them, however, for twenty-two years, and in that time they framed forty-six versions of it before they hit upon the right one—which is this:
It is forbidden the unconsecrated to utter foolish and irreverent speeches concerning sacred things: this privilege, by decree of the Holy SynodⒶtextual note, being restricted to the clergy.Ⓐtextual note
Our red Indians have left many records, in the form of pictures, upon our crags and boulders. It has taken our most gifted [begin page 111] and pains-taking students two centuries to get at the meanings hidden in these pictures; yet there are still two little lines of hieroglyphs among the figures grouped upon the Dighton Rocks which they have not succeeded in interpreting to their satisfaction. These:
The suggested solutions of this riddle are practically innumerable; they would fill a book.
Thus we have infinite trouble in solving man-made mysteries; it is only when we set out to discover the secrets of God that our difficulties disappear. It was always so. In antique Roman times it was the custom of the Deity to try to conceal His intentions in the entrails of birds, and this was patiently and hopefully continued century after century, although the attempted concealment never succeeded, in a single recorded instance. The augurs could read entrails as easily as a modern child can read coarse print. Roman history is full of the marvels of interpretation which these extraordinary men performed. These strange and wonderful achievements move our awe and compel our admiration. Those men could pierce to the marrow of a mystery instantly. If the Rosettastone idea had been introduced it would have defeated them, but entrails had no embarrassments for them. But entrails have gone out, now—entrails and dreams. It was at last found out that as hiding-places for the divine intentions they were inadequate.
A part of the wall of Velletri having in former times been struck with thunder, the response of the soothsayers was, that a native of that town would some time or other arrive at supreme power. Bohn's SuetoniusⒺexplanatory note, p. 138.
[begin page 112]
“Some time or other.” It looks indefinite, but no matter, it happened, all the same; one needed only to wait, and be patient, and keep watch, then he would find out that the thunder-stroke had Caesar Augustus in mind, and had come to give notice.
There were other advance-advertisements. One of them appeared just before Caesar Augustus was born, and was most poetic and touching and romantic in its feelings and aspects. It was a dream. It was dreamed by Caesar Augustus's mother, and interpreted at the usual rates:
Atia, before her delivery, dreamed that her bowels stretched to the stars, and expanded through the whole circuit of heaven and earth. Suetonius, p. 139.
That was in the augur's line, and furnished him no difficulties, but it would have taken Rawlinson and Champollion fourteen years to make sure of what it meant, because they would have been surprised and dizzy. It would have been too late to be valuable, then, and the bill for service would have been barred by the statute of limitations.
In those old Roman days a gentleman's education was not complete until he had taken a theological course at the seminary and learned how to translate entrails. Caesar Augustus's education received this final polish. All through his life, whenever he had poultry on the menu he saved the interiors and kept himself informed of the Deity's plans by exercising upon those interiors the arts of augury.
In his first consulship, while he was observing the auguries, twelve vultures presented themselves, as they had done to Romulus. And when he offered sacrifice, the livers of all the victims were folded inward in the lower part; a circumstance which was regarded by those present who had skill in things of that nature, as an indubitable prognostic of great and wonderful fortune. Suetonius, p. 141.
“Indubitable” is a strong word, but no doubt it was justified, [begin page 113] if the livers were really turned that way. In those days chicken livers were strangely and delicately sensitive to coming events, no matter how far off they might be; and they could never keep still, but would curl and squirm like that, particularly when vultures came, and showed interest in that approaching great event and in breakfast.
We may now skip eleven hundred and thirty or forty years, which brings us down to enlightened Christian times and the troubled days of King Stephen of England. The augur has had his day and has been long ago forgotten; the priest has fallen heir to his trade.
King Henry is deadⒺexplanatory note; StephenⒺexplanatory note, that bold and outrageous person, comes flying over from Normandy to steal the throne from Henry's daughter. He accomplished his crime, and Henry of HuntingdonⒺexplanatory note, a priest of high degree, mourns over it in his Chronicle. The Archbishop of Canterbury consecrated Stephen: “wherefore the Lord visitedⒺexplanatory note the Archbishop with the same judgment which he had inflicted upon him who struck Jeremiah the great priest: he died within a year.”
Stephen's was the greater offence, but Stephen could wait; not so the Archbishop, apparently.
TheⒶtextual note kingdom was a preyⒺexplanatory note to intestine wars; slaughter, fire and rapine spread ruin throughout the land; cries of distress, horror and woe rose in every quarterⒶtextual note.
That was the result of Stephen's crime. These unspeakable conditions continued during nineteen years. Then Stephen died as comfortably as any man ever did, and was honorably buried. It makes one pity the poor Archbishop, and wish that he, too, could have been let off as leniently. How did Henry of Huntingdon know that the Archbishop was sent to his grave by judgment of God for consecrating Stephen? He does not explain. Neither does he explain why Stephen was awarded a pleasanter death than he was [begin page 114] entitled to, while the aged King Henry his predecessor, who had ruled England thirty-five years to H. H.'s andⒶtextual note the people's strongly-worded satisfaction was condemned to close his life in circumstances most distinctly unpleasant, inconvenient, and disagreeable:
Meantime, the remains of King Henry lay still unburied in Normandy. His corpse was carried to Rouen, where his bowels, with his brain and eyes, were deposited. The body being slashed by knives, and copiously sprinkled with salt, was sewn up in ox hides to prevent the ill effluvia, which so tainted the air as to be pestilential to the bystanders. Even the man who was hired by a large reward to sever the head with an axe and extract the brain, which was very offensive, died in consequence, although he wore a thick linen veil; so that he was the last of that great multitude King Henry slew.* The corpse being then carried to Caen, was deposited in the church where his father was interred; but notwithstanding the quantity of salt which had been used, and the folds of skins in which it was wrapped, so much foul matter continually exuded that it was caught in vessels placed under the bier, in emptying which the attendants were affected with horror and faintings. Bohn's Henry of Huntingdon, p. 262Ⓐtextual note.
This isⒶtextual note probably the most uninspiring funeral that is set down in history. There is not a
detail about it that is attractive. It is difficult to believe that we are reading about a king, there is something so
humble, so unpretending, so unregal, about the whole spectacle, something so simply
human and unconventional. We hear nothing of tears, of regret, of a sense of loss,
of a reluctance to say farewell, we have only a picture of cold and perfunctory persons
who are there by invitation, not by intrusion, and who have no wish to remain longer
than courtesy requires. It is one of the saddest funerals there is any account of.
There does not appear to have been any music; yet music would have tempered it, music
would have made it beautiful, if they could have thought of anything appropriate to
play. But I suppose there was no old music
* The reader will please skip what now follows.—M. T.
[begin page 115] that would quite do, none that would be harmonious, and no time to think out any new music and compose it. It would be difficult, of course, and could take a good while, no doubt, on account of the conditions.Ⓐtextual note It seems to have been just the funeral for Stephen, and even at this far distant day it is matter of just regret that by an indiscretion the wrong man got it.Whenever God punishes a man, Henry of Huntingdon knows why it was done, and tells us; and his pen is eloquent with admiration; but when a man has earned punishment and escapes, he does not explain. He is evidently puzzled, but he does not say anything. I think it is often apparent that he is pained by these discrepancies, but loyally tries his best not to show it. When he cannot praise, he delivers himself of a silence so marked that a suspicious person could mistake it for suppressed criticism. However, he has plenty of opportunities to feel contented with the way things go—his book is full of them.
KingⒶtextual note David of ScotlandⒺexplanatory note . . . under color of religion caused his followers to deal most barbarously with the English. They ripped open pregnantⒶtextual note women, tossed children on the points of their spears, butchered priests at the altars, and, cutting off the heads from the images on crucifixes, placed them on the bodies of the slain, while in exchange they fixed on the crucifixes the heads of their victims. Wherever the Scots came, there was the same scene of horror and cruelty: women shrieking, old men lamenting, amid the groans of the dying and the despair of the living.Ⓐtextual note
But the English got the victory.
ThenⒶtextual note the chief of the menⒺexplanatory note of Lothian fell, pierced by an arrow, and all his followers were put to flight. For the Almighty was offended at them, and their strength was rent like a cobweb.Ⓐtextual note
Offended at them for what? For committing those fearful butcheries? No, for that was the common custom on both sides, and not open to criticism. Then, was it for doing the butcheries [begin page 116] “under cover of religion?” No, that was not it; religious feeling was often expressed in that fervent way all through those old centuries. The truth is, He was not offended at “them” at all; He was only offended at their King, who had been false to an oath. Then why did not He put the punishment upon the King instead of upon “them?” It is a difficult question. One can see by the Chronicle that the “judgments” fell rather customarily upon the wrong person, but Henry of Huntingdon does not explain why. Here is one that went true; the chronicler's satisfaction in it is not hidden:
InⒶtextual note the month of AugustⒺexplanatory note Providence displayed its justice in a remarkable manner; for two of the nobles who had converted monasteries into fortifications, expelling the monks, their sin being the same, met with a similar punishment. Robert Marmion was one, Godfrey de Mandeville the other. Robert Marmion issuing forth against the enemy was slain under the walls of the monastery, being the only one who fell, though he was surrounded by his troops. Dying excommunicated, he became subject to death everlasting. In like manner earl Godfrey was singled out among his followers, and shot with an arrow by a common foot-soldier. He made light of the wound, but he died of it in a few days, under excommunication. See here the like just judgment of God, memorable through all ages!Ⓐtextual note
This exultation jars upon me; not because of the death of the men, for they deserved that, but because it is death eternal, in white-hot fire and flame. It makes my flesh crawl. I have not known more than three men, or perhaps four, in my whole lifetime, whom I would rejoice to see writhing in those fires for even a year, let alone forever. I believe I would relent before the year was up, and get them out if I could. I could sit and watch a dog that I didn't like, several years, but not forever. I often put a dog on the fire and hold him down with the tongs, and enjoy his yelps and moans and strugglings and supplications, but with a man it would be different, I think.Ⓐtextual note I think that in the long run, if hisⒶtextual note wife and babies, who had not harmed me, should come crying and pleading, I couldn't stand it; I know I should forgive him and let [begin page 117] him go, even if he had violated a monastery. Henry of Huntingdon has been watching Godfrey and Marmion fry,Ⓐtextual note nearly seven hundred and fifty years, now, but I couldn't do it, I know I couldn't. I am soft and gentle in my nature, and I should have forgiven them seventy and seven times, long ago. And I think God has; but this is only an opinion, and not authoritative, like Henry of Huntingdon's interpretations. I could learn to interpret, but I have never tried, I get so little time.Ⓐtextual note
All through his book Henry exhibits his familiarity with the intentions of God, and with the reasons for the intentions. Sometimes—very often, in fact—the act follows the intention after such a wide interval of time, that one wonders how Henry could fit one act out of a hundred to one intention out of a hundred and get the thing right, every time, when there was such abundant choice among acts and intentions. Sometimes a man offends the Deity with a crime, and is punished for it thirty years later; meantime he has committed a million other crimes: no matter, Henry can pick out the one that brought the worms. Worms were generally used in those days for the slaying of particularly wicked people. This has gone out, now, but in old times it was a favorite. It always indicated a case of “wrath.” For instance,
. . . theⒶtextual note just God avenging Robert Fitzhildebrand's perfidyⒺexplanatory note, a worm grew in his vitals, which, gradually gnawing its way through his intestines, fattened on the abandoned man till, tortured with excruciating sufferings and venting himself in bitter moans, he was by a fitting punishment brought to his end;Ⓐtextual note (p. 400).
It was probably an alligator, but we cannot tell; we only know it was a particular breed, and only used to convey wrath. Some authorities think it was an ichthiosaurus, but there is much doubt. Anyway, it has gone out, now, thanks be.Ⓐtextual note
However, one thing we do know; and that is, that that worm had been due, years and years. Robert F.Ⓐtextual note had violated a monastery once; he had committed unprintable crimes since, and they had been permitted—under disapproval—but the ravishment of the [begin page 118] monastery had not been forgotten nor forgiven, and the worm came at last.
Why were these reforms put off in this strange way? What was to be gained by it? Did Henry of Huntingdon really know his facts, or was he only guessing? Sometimes I am half persuaded that he is only a guesser, and not a good one. The divine wisdom must surely be of a better quality than he makes it out to be.
Five hundred years before Henry's time some forecasts of the Lord's purposes were furnished by a pope, who perceived, by certain perfectly trustworthy signs furnished by the Deity for the information of His familiars, that the end of the world was
. . . aboutⒶtextual note to comeⒺexplanatory note. But as this end of the world draws near, many things are at hand which have not before happened, as changes in the air, terrible signs in the heavens, tempests out of the common order of the seasons, wars, famines, pestilences, earthquakes in various places; all which will not happen in our days, but after our days all will come to pass.Ⓐtextual note
Still, the end was so near that these signs were “sent beforeⒺexplanatory note in order that we may be careful for our souls and be found prepared to meet the impending judgment.”
That was thirteen hundredⒶtextual note years ago. This is really no improvement upon the work of the Roman augurs. Has the trade ofⒶtextual note interpreting the Lord's matters gone out, discouraged by the time-worn fact that nobody succeeds at it? No, it still flourishes; there was never a century nor a country that was short of experts who knew the Deity's mind and were willing to reveal it. Whenever there has been an opportunity to attribute to Him reasonings and conduct which would make a half-witted human being ridiculous, there has always been an expert ready and glad to take advantage of it. Quotation from newspaper several months old:
GOD BEHIND THIS WARⒺexplanatory note.Ⓐtextual note
It Is His Way of Destroying Tyranny,
Dr. Hillis Says.
[begin page 119]Preaching yesterday morning in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, on “Christ at Once the Ideal Radical and the Ideal Conservative,” the Rev. Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis referred to Russia as an example of the false conservative in politics, and declared that God, who as a radical only destroyed for the sake of safety, was destroying the idea of tyranny through war.
“Look to the Far East,” said Dr. Hillis. “God's ploughshare of war is running through the nations and the old and false idea of tyranny is being turned up and under. Yet, when the thunderstorm has passed, does any man doubt that the air will be sweeter and purer? You say all the East is filled with destruction. It is because God's army is on the march. You do not hear the trumpet call, but God is the guide. Peace is to be the future of the people, oppression is to be destroyed, and government is to be for and by all the people.”
So God's ploughshare has got started at last. But is there any occasion to flyⒶtextual note into ecstasies of admiration over it? The villainies, the slaughters and the tyrannies which have so suddenly dawned upon the Deity and excited His Brooklyn interpreter to such an indecorous degree have been known to the very cats for three hundred years. If these villainies are wrong, they were wrong three centuries ago; if they are worth the Deity's attention now, they were worth it three centuries ago; if they are legitimate matter to rouse the divine wrath now, they were not otherwise three centuries ago; if it is fine and great to stamp out these tyrannies now, it would have been infinitely finer and greater to do it three centuries ago; if it is matter for high Brooklyn commendation that the deep miseries of the hungry and oppressed Russian millions have awakened pity at last, it should be matter for high Brooklyn regret that it was not awakened at the start, instead of away down at this late day, after more than 400,000,000,000 of those poor creatures have been oppressed into their graves.
Brooklyn praise is half slander. No, it is more than that, it isⒶtextual note whole slander. To charge upon a man—and not a smart man at that—such a devastating record of immortal stupidities as this, would subject the utterer of the charge to a criminal libel suit, [begin page 120] and quite properly, but any one can slander the Deity who has been lawfully consecrated to that work. But not you, and not me. We should be accused of irreverence.
God'sⒶtextual note army is on the march. You do not hear the trumpet-call, but God is the guide. . . . oppression is to be destroyed.Ⓐtextual note
All this noise about an army and a plow,—belated—all this inflamed jubilation over a mixed military and agricultural expedition which is only just now getting started when it is already three centuries overdue.Ⓐtextual note It would not do for a person to praise me for being three centuries late at a fire with my hook and ladder company; I should not like it.
In view of the fact that it takes the Rawlinsons, the Champollions and the Indian experts years and years to dig the meaning out of the modestest little batch of hieroglyphs; and that in interpreting the intentions of God the Roman augurs never scored a single demonstrable success; and that from their day to ours all attempts by men to lay bare to us the mind of the Deity have as signally failed, it seems to me that now is a good time for the interpreting-trade to take a rest. If it goes on trying (in its way) to magnify the wisdom of God, there will come a time by and by when there will not be any left to magnify.
Here is the rest of that incident:
While that Abbey was converted into a fortress, blood exuded from the walls of the church and the cloister adjoining, witnessing the divine indignation, and prognosticating the destruction of the impious. This was seen by many persons, and I observed it with my own eyes. How then can the wicked say that the Almighty sleeps? He woke indeed in this sign, and that which it signified.
He is just as certain about that as if it happened yesterday. But it does not convince me.
*And it is after the wrong party, anyway. The Czar and his Grand Dukes are the only oppressors, and nothing is happening to them: they don't go to the front to fight and get slaughtered, they stay at home and send the oppressed peasants to the butchery.