This was my mother. When she died, in October, 1890, she was well along in her eighty-eighth year; a mighty age, a well contested fight for life for one who at forty was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid and destined to pass soon away. I knew herⒶalteration in the MS well during the first twenty-five years of my life; but after that I saw her only at wide intervals, for we lived many days' journey apart.Ⓔexplanatory note I am not proposing to write about her, but merely to talk about her; not give her formal history, but merely make illustrative extracts from it, so to speak; furnish flash-light glimpses of her character, not a processional view of her career. Technically speaking, she had no career; but she had a character, and it was of a fine and striking and lovable sort.Ⓐalteration in the MS

What becomes of the multitudinous photographs which one's mind takes of people? Out of the million which my mentalⒶalteration in the MS camera must have taken of this firstⒶalteration in the MS and closest friend, only one clear and strongly defined one of early dateⒶalteration in the MS remains. It dates back forty-seven years; she was forty years old, then, and I was eight. She held me by the hand, and we were kneeling by the bedside of my brother, two years older than I, who lay dead, and the tears were flowing down her cheeks unchecked. And she was moaning. That dumb sign of [begin page 44] anguish was perhaps new to me, since it made upon me a very strong impressionⒶalteration in the MS—an impression which holds its place still with the picture which it helped to intensify and make memorable.Ⓐalteration in the MS

She had a slender small body, but a large heart; a heart so large that everybody's griefs and everybody's joys found welcome in it and hospitable accommodation. The greatest difference which I find between her and the rest of the people whom I have known, is thisⒶalteration in the MS, and it is a remarkable one: those others felt a strong interest in a few things, whereas to the very day of her death she felt a strong interestⒶalteration in the MS in the whole world and everything and everybody in it.Ⓐalteration in the MS In all her life she never knew such a thing as a half-hearted interest in affairs and people, or an interest which drew a line and left out certain affairs and was indifferent to certain people. The invalid who takes a strenuous and indestructible interest in everything and everybody but himself, and to whom a dull moment is an unknown thing and anⒶalteration in the MS impossibility, is a formidableⒶalteration in the MS adversary for disease and a hard invalid to vanquishⒶalteration in the MS. I am certain it was this feature of my mother's make-up that carried her so far toward ninety.

Her interest in people and the other animals was warm, personal, friendly. She always found something to excuse, and as a rule to love, in theⒶalteration in the MS toughest of them—even if she had to put it there herself. She was theⒶtextual note natural ally and friend of the friendless. It was believed that, Presbyterian as she was, she could be beguiled into saying a soft word for the devil himself; and so the experiment was tried. The abuse of Satan began; one conspirator after another added his bitter word, his malign reproach, his pitiless censure, till at last, sure enough,Ⓐalteration in the MS the unsuspecting subject of the trick walked into the trap. She admitted that the indictment was sound; that Satan was utterly wicked and abandoned, just as these people had said; but, would any claim that he had been treated fairly? A sinner was but a sinner; Satan was justⒶalteration in the MS that, like the rest. What saves the rest?—their own efforts alone? No—or none might ever be saved. To their feeble efforts is added the mighty help of pathetic, appealing, imploring prayers that go up daily out of all the churches in Christendom and out of myriads upon myriads of pitying hearts. But who prays for Satan? Who, in eighteen centuries, has had the [begin page 45] common humanity to pray for the one sinner that needed it most, our one fellow and brother who most needed a friend yet had not a singleⒶemendationⒶalteration in the MS one, the one sinner among us all who had the highest and clearest right to every Christian's daily and nightly prayers for the plain and unassailable reason that his was the first and greatest need, he being among sinners the supremest?

This Friend of Satan was a most gentle spirit, and an unstudied and unconscious pathos was her native speech. When her pity or her indignation was stirred by hurt or shame inflicted upon some defenceless person or creature, she was the most eloquent person I have heard speak. It was seldom eloquence of a fiery or violent sort, but gentle, pitying, persuasive, appealing; andⒶalteration in the MSⒶtextual note so genuineⒶtextual note and so nobly and simplyⒶalteration in the MS worded and so touchingly uttered, that manyⒶalteration in the MS times I haveⒶalteration in the MS seen it win the reluctant and splendid applause of tears. Whenever anybody or any creature was being oppressed, the fears that belonged to her sex and her small stature retired to the rear, and her soldierly qualities came promptly to the front. One day in our villageⒶalteration in the MS I saw a vicious devil of a Corsican, a common terror in the town, chasing hisⒶalteration in the MS grown daughter past cautious male citizens with a heavy rope in his hand, and declaring he would wear it out on her. My mother spread her door wide to the refugee, and then instead of closing and locking it after her, stood in it and stretched her arms across it, barring the way. The man swore, cursed, threatened her with his rope; but she did not flinch or show any sign of fear; she only stood straight and fine, and lashed him, shamed him, derided him, defied him, in tones not audible to the middle of the street, but audible to the man'sⒶalteration in the MS conscience and dormant manhood; and he askedⒶalteration in the MS her pardon, and gave her his rope, and said with a most great and blasphemous oath that she was the bravest woman he ever saw; and so went his way without other word, and troubled her no more. He and she were always good friends after that, for in her he had found a long felt want—somebody who was not afraid of him.

One day in St. Louis she walkedⒶalteration in the MS out into the street and greatly surprisedⒶalteration in the MS a burly cartman who was beating his horse over the head with the butt of his heavy whip; for she took the whip away from [begin page 46] him and then made such a persuasiveⒶalteration in the MS appeal in behalf of the ignorantly offending horse that he was trippedⒶalteration in the MS into saying he was to blame; and also intoⒶalteration in the MS volunteering a promise which of course he couldn't keep, for he was not built in that way—a promise that heⒶalteration in the MS wouldn't ever abuse a horse again.

That sort of interference in behalf of abused animals was a common thing with her all her life; and her manner must have been without offence and her good intent transparent, for she always carried her point, and also won the courtesy, and often the friendly applause, of the adversary. All the race of dumb animals had a friend in her. By some subtle sign the homeless, hunted, bedraggled and disreputable cat recognized her at a glance as the born refuge and champion of his sort—and followed her home. His instinct was right, he was as welcome as the prodigal son. We had nineteen cats at one time, in 1845. And there wasn't one in the lot that had any character; not one that had a merit, except the cheap and tawdry merit of being unfortunate. They were a vast burden to us all—includingⒶalteration in the MS my mother—but they were out of luck, and that was enough; they had to stay. However, better these than no pets at all; children must have pets, and we were not allowed to have caged ones. An imprisoned creature was out of the questionⒶalteration in the MS—my motherⒶalteration in the MS would not have allowed a rat to be restrained of its libertyⒶtextual note.

In the small town of Hannibal, Missouri, when I was a boy, everybody was poor but didn't know it; and everybody was comfortable, and did know it. And there were grades of society; people of good family, people of unclassified family, people of no family. Everybody knew everybody, and was affable to everybody, and nobody put on any visible airs; yet the class lines were quite clearly drawn, and the familiar social life of each class was restricted to that class. It was a little democracy which was full of Liberty, Equality and Fourth of July; and sincerely so, too, yet you perceive that the aristocratic taint was there. It was there, and nobody found fault withⒶalteration in the MS the fact, or ever stopped to reflect that its presence was an inconsistency.

I suppose that this state of things was mainly due to the circumstance that the town's population had come from slave StatesⒶalteration in the MS and [begin page 47] still had the institution of slavery with them in their new home. My mother, with her large nature and liberal sympathies, was not intended for an aristocrat, yet through her breeding she was one. Few people knew it, perhaps, for it was an instinct, I think, rather than a principle. So its outward manifestation was likely to be accidental, not intentional; and alsoⒶalteration in the MS not frequent. But I knew of that weak spot. I knew that privately she was proud that the LambtonsⒶalteration in the MS, now Earls of Durham, had occupied the familyⒶalteration in the MS lands for nine hundred years; that theyⒶalteration in the MS were feudal lords of Lambton Castle and holding the high position of ancestors of hers when the Norman Conqueror came over to divert the Englishry. I argued—cautiously,Ⓐalteration in the MS and with mollifying circumlocutions, for one had to be careful when he was on that holy ground, and mustn't cavort—that there was no particular merit in occupying a piece of land for nine hundred years, with the friendly assistance of an entailⒶalteration in the MS; anybody could do it,Ⓐalteration in the MS with intellect or without; therefore, the entail was the thing to be proud of, just the entail and nothing else; consequently, she was merely descended from an entail, and she might as well be proud of being descended from a mortgage. Whereas my ownⒶalteration in the MS ancestry was quite a different and superior thing, because it had the addition of an ancestor—one Clement—who did something; something which was very creditable to him and satisfactory to me, in that he was a member of the court that tried Charles I and delivered him over to the executioner.Ⓔexplanatory note Ostensibly this was chaff, but at bottom it was not. I had a very real respect for that ancestor, and this respect has increased with the years, not diminished. He did what he could toward reducing the list of crowned shams of his day. However, I can say this for my mother, that I never heard her refer in any way to her gilded ancestry when any person not a member of the family was present, for she had good American sense. But with other Lamptons whom I have known, it was different. “Col. Sellers” was a Lampton, and a tolerably near relative of my mother's; and when he was alive, poor old airy soul, one of the earliest things a stranger was likely to hear from his lips was some reference to the “head of our line,” flung off with a painfulⒶalteration in the MS casualness that was wholly beneath criticism as a work of art. It com- [begin page 48] pelled inquiry, of course; it was intended to compel it. Then followed the whole disastrous history of how the LambtonⒶalteration in the MS heir came to this country a hundred and fifty years or soⒶalteration in the MS ago, disgusted with that foolish fraud,Ⓐalteration in the MS hereditary aristocracy; and married, and shut himself away from the world in the remotenesses of the wilderness, and went to breeding ancestors of future American Claimants, while at home in England he was given up as dead and his titles and estates turned over to his younger brother, usurper and personally responsible for the perverse and unseatable usurpers of our day. And the Colonel always spoke with studied and courtly deference of the Claimant of his day,—a second cousin of his,—Ⓐalteration in the MSand referred to him with entire seriousness as “the Earl.” “The EarlⒺexplanatory note” was a man of parts, and might have accomplished something for himself but for the calamitous accident of his birth. He was a Kentuckian, and a well meaning man; but he had no money, and no time to earn any; for all his time was taken up in trying to get me, and others of the tribe, to furnish him a capital to fight his claim through the House of Lords with. He had all the documents, all the proofs; he knew he could win. And so he dreamed his life away, always in poverty, sometimesⒶalteration in the MS in actual want, and died at last, far from home, and was buried from a hospital by strangers who did not know he was an earl, for he did not look it. That poor fellow used to sign his letters “Durham,” and in them he would find fault with me for voting the Republican ticket, for the reason that it was unaristocratic, and by consequence un-Lamptonian. And presently along would come a letter from some red-hot Virginian son of my other branch and abuse me bitterly for the same vote—on the ground that the Republican was an aristocratic party and it was not becoming in the descendant of a regicide to train with that kind of animals.Ⓐalteration in the MS And so I used to almost wish IⒶalteration in the MS hadn't had any ancestors, they were so much trouble to me.

As I have said, we lived in a slave-holding community; indeed, when slavery perished my mother had been in daily touch with itⒶalteration in the MS for sixty years. Yet, kind hearted and compassionate as she was, I think she was not conscious that slavery was a bald, grotesque and unwarrantable usurpation. She had never heard it assailed in any [begin page 49] pulpit, but had heard it defended and sanctified in a thousand; her ears were familiar with Bible texts that approved it, but if there were any that disapproved it they had not been quoted by her pastors; as far as her experience went, the wise and the good and the holy were unanimous in the conviction that slavery was right, righteous, sacred, the peculiar pet of the Deity, and a condition which the slave himself ought to be dailyⒶalteration in the MS and nightly thankful for. ManifestlyⒶalteration in the MS, training and association can accomplishⒶalteration in the MS strange miracles.Ⓔexplanatory note As a rule our slaves were convinced and content. So, doubtless, are the far more intelligent slaves of a monarchy; they revere and approve their masters the monarch and the noble, and recognize no degradation in the fact that they are slaves; slaves with the name blinked; and less respect-worthy than were our black ones, if to be a slave by meekⒶalteration in the MS consent is baser than to be a slave by compulsion—and doubtless it is.

However, thereⒶemendationⒶalteration in the MS was nothing about the slavery of the Hannibal region to rouse one's dozing humane instincts to activity. It was the mildⒶalteration in the MS domestic slavery, not the brutal plantation article. Cruelties were very rare, and exceedingly and wholesomely unpopular. To separate andⒶalteration in the MS sell the members of a slave family to different masters was a thing not well liked by the people, and so it was not often done, except in the settling of estates. I have no recollection of ever seeing a slave auction in that town; but I am suspicious that that is because the thing was a common and commonplaceⒶalteration in the MS spectacle, not an uncommon and impressive one. I vividly remember seeing a dozen black men and women chained to each other, once,Ⓐalteration in the MS and lying in a group on the pavement, awaiting shipment to the southern slave market. Those were the saddest faces I ever saw. Chained slaves could not have been a common sight, or this picture would not have taken so strong and lasting a hold upon me.

The “nigger trader” was loathed by everybody.Ⓔexplanatory note HeⒶalteration in the MS was regarded as a sort of human devil who bought and conveyedⒶalteration in the MS poor helpless creatures to hell—for to our whites and blacks alike the southern plantation was simply hell; no milder name could describe it. If the threat to sell an incorrigible slave “down the river” would not reform him, nothing wouldⒶalteration in the MS—his case was past cure.

My mother was quite able to pity a slave who was in trouble; but not because he was a slave—that would not have emphasized the case any, perhaps. I recal an incidentⒶalteration in the MS in point.Ⓐtextual note For a timeⒶalteration in the MS we had as a house servant a little slave boy who belonged to a master back in the country, and I used to want to kill him on account of the noise he made; and I think yet, it would have been a good idea to kill him. The noise was music—singing. He sang the whole day long, at the top of his voice; it was intolerable, it was unendurable. At last I went to my mother in a rage about it. But she said—

“Think; he is sold away fromⒶtextual note his mother; she isⒶalteration in the MS in Maryland, a thousand miles from here, and he will never see her again, poor thing. When he is singing it is a sign that he is not grieving; the noise of it drives me almost distracted, but I am always listening, and alwaysⒶalteration in the MS thankful; it would break my heart if Sandy should stop singing.”Ⓐalteration in the MSⒶtextual note

And she was able to accommodate a slave—even accommodate the whim of a slave, against her own personalⒶalteration in the MS interest and desire. A woman who had been “mammy”—that is, nurse—to several of us children, took a notion that she would like to change masters. She wanted to be sold to a Mr. B.Ⓔexplanatory note, of our town. That was a sore trial,Ⓐalteration in the MS for the woman was almost like one of the family; but she pleaded hard—Ⓐalteration in the MSfor that man had been beguiling her with all sorts of fine and alluring promises—and my mother yielded, and also persuaded my father.

It is commonly believed that an infallible effect of slavery was to make such as lived in its midst hard-hearted. I think it had no such effect—speaking in general terms. I think it stupefied everybody's humanity, as regarded the slave, but stopped there. There were no hard-hearted people in our town—I mean there were no more than would be found in any other town of the same size in any other country; and in my experience hard-hearted people are very rare everywhere. Yet I remember that once when a white man killed a negro man for a trifling little offence everybody seemed indifferent about it—as regarded the slave—though considerable sympathy was felt for the slave's owner, who had been bereft of valuable property by a worthless person who was not able to pay for it.

My father was a humane man; all will grant this who knew him. Still, proof is better than assertion, and I have it at hand. Before me is a letter, near half a century old, dated January 5, 1842, and written by my father to my mother. He is on a steamboat, ascending the Mississippi, and is approaching Memphis. He has made a hard and tedious journeyⒺexplanatory note, in mid winter, to hunt up a man in the far south who has been owing him $470 for twenty years. He has found his man, has also found that his man is solvent and able to pay, but—

Is not this a humane, a soft-hearted man? If even the gentlest of us had been plowing through ice and snow, horseback and per steamboat, for six weeks to collect that little antiquity, wouldn't we have collected it, and the man's scalp along with it? I trust so. Now, lower down on the same page, my father—proven to be a humane man—writes this:

And goes right on, then, about some indifferent matter, poor Charley's approaching eternal exileⒶalteration in the MS from his home, and his mother, and his friends, and all things and creatures that make life dear and the heart to sing for joy, affecting him no more than if this humble comrade of his long pilgrimage had been an ox—and somebody else's ox. It makes a body homesick for Charley, even after fifty years.Ⓐalteration in the MS Thank God I have no recollection of him as house servant of ours; that is to say, playmate of mine; for I was playmate to all the niggers, preferring their society to that of the elect, I beingⒶalteration in the MS a person of low-down tastes from the start, notwithstanding my high birth, [begin page 52] and ever readyⒶalteration in the MS to forsake the communion of high souls if I could strike anything nearer my grade.Ⓐtextual note

She was of a sunshiny disposition, and her long life was mainly a holiday to her. She was a dancer, from childhood to the end, and as capable a one as the Presbyterian church could show among its communicants.Ⓔexplanatory note At eighty-seven she would trip through the lively and graceful figures that had been familiar to her more than seventy years before.Ⓔexplanatory note She was very bright, and was fond ofⒶalteration in the MS banter and playful duels of wit; and she had a sort of ability which is rare in men and hardly existent in women—the ability to say a humorous thing with the perfect air of not knowing it to beⒶalteration in the MS humorous. Whenever I was in her presence, after I was grown, a battle of chaff was going on all the time, but under the guise of serious conversation. Once, under pretence of fishing for tender and sentimental reminiscences of my childhood—a sufficiently annoying childhood for other folk to recal, since I was sick the first seven years of it and lived altogether on expensive allopathic medicines—I asked her how she used to feel about me in those days. With an almost pathetic earnestness she said, “All along at first I was afraid you would die”—a slight, reflective pause, then this addition, spoken as if talking to herself—“and after that I was afraid you wouldn't.” After eighty her memory failed, and she lived almost entirely in a world peopled by carefree mates of her young girlhood whose voices had fallen silent and whose forms had mouldered to dust many and many a year gone by;Ⓐalteration in the MS and in this gracious companionship she walked pleasantly down to the grave unconscious of her gray head and herⒶalteration in the MS vanished youth. Only her memory was stricken; otherwise her intellect remained unimpaired. When I arrived, late at night, in the earliest part of her last illness, she had been without sleep long enough to have worn a strong young person out, but she was as ready to talk, as ready to give and take, as ever. She knew me perfectly, but to her disordered fancyⒶalteration in the MS I was not a gray-headed man, but a school-boy, and had just arrived from the east on vacation. There was a deal of chaff, a deal of firing back and forth, and then she began to inquire about the school and what sort of reputation I had in it—and with a rather frankly doubtful tone about the [begin page 53] questions, too. I said that my reputation was really a wonder; that there was not another boy there whose morals were anywhere near up to mine; that whenever I passed by, the citizens stood in reverent admiration, and said: “There goes the model boy.” She was silent a while, then she said, musingly: “Well, I wonder what the rest are like.”

She was married at twenty; she always had the heart of a young girl; and in the sweetness and serenity of death she seemed somehow young again. She was always beautiful.