This volume in the Mark Twain Papers, like the fifteen volumes that precede it, could not have been produced without the support of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency, which has continuously funded editorial work on Mark Twain’s writings since 1966. Although since July 2001 the Endowment has limited its support to the publication of the microfilm edition of Mark Twain’s letters, most of the research for the present volume was completed before that time, and therefore was made possible by the Endowment’s outright and matching grants to the Mark Twain Project of The Bancroft Library. Much of that generous support was a dollar-for-dollar match of a substantial gift to the Project from The Barkley Fund. We thank both the Endowment and the trustees of The Barkley Fund for their timely and generous contributions.

Indeed, much of the Endowment’s recent support of the Mark Twain Project was provided as funds to match the generous donations of many individuals and foundations. We thank the following donors— including several who prefer to remain anonymous—for major, sustaining contributions to the Mark Twain Project: Richard and Rita Atkinson; Mr. and Mrs. John P. Austin; the Bank of America Foundation; the Behring-Hofmann Educational Institute; Lawrence I. Berkove in memory of Pascal Covici, Jr., and James D. Wilson; The House of Bernstein; Dix and Didi Boring; Marilyn R. Bewley; Allan G. Bortel; Robert Pack Browning; Mrs. Helen Kennedy Cahill; J. Kimo Campbell; the Class of 1938, University of California, Berkeley; Mr. and Mrs. Wilson G. Combs; Don L. Cook; Robert Paul Corbett; Lawrence E. Crooks; Claire Daggett; B.J. Deering; the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation; the Dow Chemical Corporation Foundation; Victor A. Doyno; Dayton R. Duncan; Dorothy Eweson; Betsy W. Feichtmeir; Carol Hart Field and John Field; the Renee B. Fisher Foundation; Ann and David Flinn; Florentine Films; Victoria F. and Dr. Barry L. Fong; George and Mary Foster; Peter B. Frazier; Mrs. Virginia R. Furth; Launce E. Gamble; Barbara Gibson in memory of William M. Gibson and Henry Nash Smith; Dr. and Mrs. Orville J. Golub; Robert D. Haas; the Heller Charitable & Educational Fund; Betty and Carl Helmholz; Chancellor Emeritus Ira Michael Heyman and Therese Heyman; Mrs. W. James Hill in memory of Dean W. James Hill; the late Kenneth E. Hill; Hal Holbrook; Richard W. Holmes; James M. Hotchkiss, Jr.; George J. Houle in memory of Gary Bosc, Alfred Kronfeld, Jack Freborg, Kenneth M. Ramseur III, and Jeffrey Sacks; Don L. Jewett in memory of L. L. Bennett; Mr. and Mrs. George F. Jewett, Jr.; Waring Jones; Yoshio Kanaya; Holger Kersten; Bauer E. Kramer; Horst and Ursula Kruse; Watson M. (Mac) Laetsch; Lucius Lampton, M.D.; Irene and Jervis Langdon, Jr., in memory of Polly Pennock; Allan Littman; the Lucent Technologies Foundation; the Jean A. MacAllum Trust; Michael Maniccia; the Mark Twain Forum; the Mark Twain Foundation; Bobby to Georgie for listening; the Frank & Georgiana Massa Foundation; Beverly Wagler Matson in memory of Moss Fairley Wagler; Sean E. McCarthy; Martin and Janis McNair; Hugh D. McNiven; Lee and Linda Meier; Robert and Beverly Middlekauff; Gwendolyn V Mitchell; Richard H. Morrison; Tim Muller; Arlene Merino Nielsen; Jeanne G. O’Brien; Hiroshi Okubo; Peter K. Oppenheim; Katherine Wallace O’Reilly and Terry O’Reilly; Scott Pector; David Wingfield Pettus; Clyde and Marian Rasmussen; Lila and Neville Rich; Richard E. Roberts; Leigh Robinson; Mark J. Robinson; Mrs. Ernest H. Ruehl; Russ and Carolyn Ryder; Donald and Joanne Sandstrom; Virginia Scardigli; Thelma Schoonmaker in memory of Michael Powell; George Sears; Benjamin and Susan Shapell Foundation; Michael Shelden; John and Sheri Shenk; Willis and Marion Slusser; Camilla and George Smith; Janet and Alan Stanford; the Miriam and Harold Steinberg Foundation; Stephen R. Stewart; the Sturgis Library; Barbara Temby; Thomas A. Tenney; Betty Alexandra Toole; Gretchen Trupiano; Fred T Weiss; Catherine and Kent Williams; Alvin Ziegler; and Peter and Midge Zischke. Many of these donors are members of the recently created Mark Twain Luncheon Club, led by its board of directors: Charles B. Faulhaber, Ann Flinn, Victoria F. Fong, Peter E. Hanff, Ira Michael Heyman, Watson M. Laetsch, Robert Middlekauff, Catherine and Kent Williams, and Alvin Ziegler. We also thank Donald A. McQuade, Vice Chancellor for University Relations, for his unprecedented efforts to ensure the financial stability of the Mark Twain Project. We are grateful to him and to the directors and members of the Mark Twain Luncheon Club for broadening the base of our support, and for literally making it possible to finish this volume of letters.

Institutional support has been essential to our survival. We could not have accomplished our work without the exceptional resources and knowledgeable staff of The University Library at Berkeley and The Bancroft Library, which together constitute one of the world’s great research libraries. We especially wish to thank Thomas C. Leonard, University Librarian, Charles B. Faulhaber, James D. Hart Director of The Bancroft Library, and Peter E. Hanff, its Deputy Director, for their unwavering financial and moral support of the editorial work. The members of the Mark Twain Project’s Board of Directors have also been essential to its survival. In addition to Thomas C. Leonard, Charles B. Faulhaber, and Peter E. Hanff, we are grateful to Jo Ann Boydston, Laura Cerruti, Don L. Cook, Frederick Crews, Michael Millgate, George A. Starr, G. Thomas Tanselle, and Elizabeth Witherell. Each has contributed much to our ongoing efforts to edit Mark Twain’s papers and works.

Despite the reduced budgets of recent years, the University of California has continued to provide a home, and much of the funding for the Project’s administrative needs. But perhaps just as important has been its willingness to grant exemptions from indirect costs (significantly reducing the editorial costs borne by the Endowment grants). We wish especially to thank Patricia A. Gates and Susan Hedley of the Sponsored Projects Office, and Beth Burnside, Vice Chancellor for Research. For both tangible and intangible support we also thank Paul R. Gray, the Vice Chancellor and Provost.

All editors of Mark Twain are permanently indebted to the generations of scholars who pioneered in the tasks of locating, copying, collecting, and publishing his letters—particularly Albert Bigelow Paine and his successors as Editor of the Mark Twain Papers: Bernard DeVoto, Dixon Wecter, Henry Nash Smith, and Frederick Anderson. Paine’s Mark Twain: A Biography (1912) and Mark Twain’s Letters (1917) are still indispensable works of scholarship, and are sometimes the only known source for letters reprinted here. Wecter’s Mark Twain to Mrs. Fairbanks (1949) and The Love Letters of Mark Twain (1949) were the first editions to publish Mark Twain’s letters in accord with modern scholarly standards for annotation and transcription, although just eleven years later, Henry Nash Smith and William M. Gibson’s Mark Twain–Howells Letters(1960) established new and even higher standards. Frederick Anderson assisted Smith and Gibson in that work and, until his death in 1979, served as Series Editor for the Mark Twain Papers, which included among its first volumes Hamlin Hill’s Mark Twain’s Letters to His Publishers, 1867–1894, and Lewis Leary’s Mark Twain’s Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893–1909, published in 1967 and 1969, respectively. And, finally, The Union Catalog of Clemens Letters (1986) and the Union Catalog of Letters to Clemens (1992), edited by Paul Machlis—the latter with the assistance of Deborah Ann Turner—were essential to the preparation of this volume. We have profited from all of these books in ways too numerous to bear mention in the notes.

The Mark Twain Papers in The Bancroft Library are the archival home for nearly a third of the three hundred and fifty letters published in the present volume. Mark Twain’s own private papers were brought to the University of California in 1949—a result of Dixon Wecter’s irresistible persuasiveness and the accommodating generosity of Clara Clemens Samossoud. Subsequent gifts and purchases over the years have added substantially to this massive cache of private documents. For gifts of letters used in this volume we are grateful to the late Violet Appert and Mrs. David Potter. One letter, 3 October 1874 to William Dean Howells, was recently added to the collection through the generosity of donors to the Frank Shwabacher Memorial Fund in The Bancroft Library. Special thanks go also to William P. Barlow, Jr., for providing access to his large collection of manuscript and book auction catalogs, which in many cases provided the unique source for letter texts in this volume. We are likewise indebted to Todd M. Axelrod, executive director of the Gallery of History in Las Vegas, who generously gave us direct access to the nearly one hundred and thirty letters he has collected (one in this volume, and several more in previous volumes). All other original letters published here are owned, and have been made available to the editors both directly and in photocopy, by the following repositories or individuals, to whom we and the reader are indebted: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Robert Watt Boolsen; Boston Public Library and Eastern Massachusetts Regional Public Library System, Boston, Massachusetts; Bridgeport Public Library, Bridgeport, Connecticut; Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society Archives, Buffalo, New York; University of Chicago; Cyril Clemens; Columbia University, New York City; James S. Copley Library, La Jolla, California; Robin Craven; Chester L. Davis, Jr.; Detroit Public Library, Detroit, Michigan; Estelle Doheny Collection, The Edward Laurence Doheny Memorial Library, Saint John’s Seminary, Camarillo, California; John L. Feldman; Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C.; Walter Hampden Memorial Library, New York City; Eric V. Hauser Memorial Library, Reed College, Portland, Oregon; Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont, Ohio; William Hill; Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; William White Howells; Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California; Victor and Irene Murr Jacobs; Nick Karanovich; Kent State University, Kent, Ohio; Pierce A. Koslosky; Peter Lamb; Allan D. McGuire; Strother MacMinn; Maryland Historical Society Library, Baltimore; University of Maryland, College Park; William G. Mather; Maine Historical Society, Portland; Mark Twain House, Hartford, Connecticut; Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont; Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City; National Art Library, Victoria and Albert Museum, London; National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection, New York Public Library, New York City; State University of New York at Buffalo; Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas; Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin; Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; Joseph Rosenberg; Rowfant Club, Cleveland, Ohio; Charles W. Sachs; St. Mary’s Seminary, Perryville, Missouri; Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, Hartford, Connecticut; David Thomson; United States Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Vassar College Libraries, Poughkeepsie, New York; State Library of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Clifton Waller Barrett Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Nancy Warren; Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown; Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England.

A great many librarians and scholars have assisted us in transcribing, annotating, and tracing the provenance of these letters. We owe particular thanks to the following: Harold Augenbraum, Director, Mercantile Library Association, New York City; Carol Beales, Manager, and Ron Vanderhye, James S. Copley Library, La Jolla, California; William K. Beatty, Librarian/Archivist, Frances E. Willard Memorial Library, Evanston, Illinois; Mary F. Bell, Director of Library and Archives, Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, Buffalo, New York; Robert J. Bertolf, Curator, and Mike Basinksi, Poetry/Rare Books Collection of the University Libraries, State University of New York at Buffalo; Nancy Birk, University Archivist and Acting Curator, Department of Special Collections and Archives, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio; Joe Bourneuf, Head Reference Librarian, Widener Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Iain G. Brown, Principal Curator, Manuscripts Division, National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; Robert Buckeye, Abernethy Collection Curator and Special Collections Librarian, and Danielle Rougeau, Abernethy Collection Assistant, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont; Paul Camp, Special Collections Librarian, University of South Florida, Tampa; Ellen Cordes, Public Services Librarian, Corrina S. Flanagan, Library Service Assistant, Maureen D. Heyer and Danielle C. McClellan, Public Services Assistants, and Patricia C. Willis, Curator of the Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Marianne Curling and Karen Hibbitt, Mark Twain House, Hartford; Margaret Daley, Team Librarian, Liverpool Record Office, Liverpool, England; Jack Ericson, Curator, Special Collections, Daniel A. Reed Library, State University of New York, College at Fredonia; Chatham Ewing, Curator of Manuscripts, and Alison Carrick, Special Collections Assistant, Department of Special Collections, Olin Library, Washington University, St. Louis; David Feinberg, Reference Librarian, Library of Virginia, Richmond; Glasgow University Archives and Business Records Centre, Glasgow, Scotland; William H. Loos, Curator, Rare Book Room, Robert M. Gum, Head Librarian, Pat Monahan, and Cynthia Van Ness, Special Collections, Buffalo and Erie County Public Library, Buffalo, New York; Clifford C. Hamrick, Chief Reference Librarian, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown; Sara S. Hodson, Erin Chase, and Alison Dinicola, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California; Valerie Hotchkiss, J. S. Bridwell Foundation Endowed Librarian, Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas; Tara Wanger, Research Librarian, and Rachel Howarth, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin; Holger Kersten, Kiel University, Germany; Stuart Kinsella, Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin; Mairi Macdonald, Deputy Archivist, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Records Office, Stratford-upon-Avon, England; Margaret Mair, Research Librarian, and Martha H. Smart, Research Assistant, Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford; Tony Marshall, Manuscripts Librarian, State Library of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; W. Winfield McChord, Jr., Executive Director, American School for the Deaf, Hartford, Connecticut; Elizabeth Chadbourn McKee, Reference Department, University of Arkansas Libraries, Fayetteville, Arkansas; Philip Milito, Technical Assistant, Berg Collection, New York Public Library, New York City; Danelle Moon, Reference Manager, Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University; Janie C. Morris, Research Services Librarian, Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Christine Nelson, Curator of Literary and Historical Manuscripts, Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City; Barney Perkins, Special Collections, National Art Library, London; Stephanie Philbrick, Reference Assistant, Maine Historical Society, Portland; Marian J. Pringle, Senior Librarian, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, and Librarian, Shakespeare Royal Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, England; Sandra Ragonese, Research Associate, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Jennie Rathbun and Linda Morris, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Barbara A. Richards, Librarian, Department of Special Collections, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Robert Rosenthal and Ben Stone, Department of Special Collections, University of Chicago Library, Chicago, Illinois; Gretchen Shadow and Mark Woodhouse, Center for Mark Twain Studies at Quarry Farm and Mark Twain Archives, Elmira College, Elmira, New York; Douglas H. Shepard, Fredonia, New York; Sarah F. Ward, National President, Woman’s Christian Temperance Union.

Throughout the typesetting and physical production of this volume we have had essential guidance and assistance from the University of California Press. We are especially appreciative of Sam Rosenthal, who saw the book through the intricacies of the production process; Laura Cerruti, our sponsoring editor; and Sandy Drooker, who designed the dust jacket. As in the past, we have benefited from the punctilious work of the expert and knowledgeable staff at Wilsted & Taylor Publishing Services, Oakland, California. We again thank Christine Taylor and LeRoy Wilsted, and we renew those thanks for Jeff Clark, Melissa Ehn, Megan Geer, Melody Lacina, Sarah Lowe, Rebecca Nestle, and Caroline Roberts. Allen McKinney of Graphic Impressions in Oakland, California, again prepared the extremely fine photographic reproductions published here.

We thank Noel Polk for his thorough and knowledgeable inspection of this volume for the Modern Language Association’s Committee on Scholarly Editions, whose seal of approval appears on the copyright page.

Finally, we thank our present and former colleagues at the Mark Twain Project, in particular our contributing editors for this volume. Robert Pack Browning, Richard Bucci, and Kenneth M. Sanderson carefully examined many of the original manuscripts for the letters of 1874 and 1875 that belong to other institutions. Victor Fischer gave generously of his time and expertise, especially in the establishment of several of the more difficult texts for which no manuscript survives. Neda Salem, administrative assistant to the Mark Twain Project, assisted us in uncountable ways with good humor and patience. She and four others—our fellow editor Lin Salamo and student assistants Peter Goodwin, Julie Newcomb, and Lindsay Onodera—joined us in the tedious but essential job of proofreading, offering many helpful suggestions and corrections. Scott Esposito and Elizabeth Wadell helped check the textual apparatus. Daniel Cardozo, David Carson, Jon Haug, Louis Suarez-Potts, Andrea Wong, and Kalina Wong carried out a variety of research assignments—especially the essential task of searching newspapers on the microfilm reader—with perseverance and good cheer.

M.B.F.   H.E.S.

We wish to thank the following donors to the Mark Twain Project for their support of our work over several years, often with more than one donation.

Mr. and Mrs. Marcus Aaron II in honor of Jack Rosston

Academy of Art College

Thomas H. G. Aitken

The Reverend Russell H. Allen

Donald C. Allin

Sidney O. and Jan Allison

Joseph A. Alvarez

Leslee K. and Leonard J. Anderson

Mr. and Mrs. Ward Anderson

Tony Angellotti

William R. Appel

Jonathan Arac

Nicholas Aracic

Dahlia Armon

Roger Asselineau

Barbara F. Avery

Richard Bachenheimer

John Edward Back

Nancy and Howard G. Baetzhold in memory of James D. Wilson and Stanley Brodwin

Burton H. Baker

Bobbi Baldwin’s Portraits

Joyce E. and Kenneth Baldwin

Dr. and Mrs. Robert Balfour

Steven Barmazel

Mr. and Mrs. Donald P. Barron

Gerald and Cathie Bartholomew

Carlos Bea

Rexford S. Beckham

The Sacramento Bee

John B. and Ann W. Bender

Ruth Bendor

The Bennett Family Trust

Carol C. Bense

Bruce G. Bentz

Doris and Robert Bergman

Norman M. Berk

Paul Berkowitz

James R. and Pamela B. Bernard

Anthony J. Berret

Roger Berry

David Bianculli

Duane Bietz, M.D.

John C. Bird

Donald P. Black and Robert L. Black, M.D., in memory of Harold A. Black

W. Edward Blain

Burton J. Bledstein

Kevin and Margaret Bochynski

Mary S. and Charles Boewe

Judith A. Bolon

Gene and Patty Bonnstetter

Nicole Lucile Bouche

Betsy Bowden

Lorraine Boyd

Jo Ann Boydston

John V. Boyer

Philip and Katherine Bradley

Professor Raymond L. Braham

Edgar Marquess Branch

Janet Branham

Steven A. Branson

Elaine Brasher

John P. Breeden, Jr.

Steven R. Brenton

William B. (Bill) Brewer

Earl F. Briden

Richard Bridgman

Gwen Briscoe

Anthony E. Brown

Cecil M. Brown

Richard L. Bryan

Richard Bucci

Timothy Buchanan

Louis J. and Isabelle Budd

William P. and Mary L. Butler

The Cal Club of San Joaquin County

The California Alumni Club of the Peninsula

Robert L. Callahan

Lawrence G. Carlin

Elaine Carlson

Paul J. Carrigan, Jr.

Mary D. Chamberlain

Robert S. Chapman and Candace E. Carlo

Theodore Chase, Jr.

Frank S. and Mary Anne Chew

C. D. Christensen

Richard Christiansen

Arthur Christy

Barbara Cicardo in memory of

James D. Wilson

Fred Clagett in memory of William H. Clagett

Natalie Cohen

Brenda J. Coker

James L. Colwell

Olivia Conner Nancy Cook

Wayne and Germaine Cooper

Thomas B. Copeland

James M. Cox

Charles M. Crawford

Charles L. Crow

Terry L. Crowe

Sherwood Cummings

Mrs. Theresa L. Cunningham

Gloria Daffner

Linda H. Dalton

Beverly R. David

Harry E. Davis

Albert De la Pena

Dorothy De Mare

Vincent and Mildred DeDomenico

Edgar K. and Elinor S. Dejean

Theresa Demick

Christopher P. Denten

Barbara Deutsch

Jean Pond Dever

Julius E. Dias

Carl Dolmetsch, Jr.

Rick Dolphus

Sheila T Dowd

Marie Snow Doyle

Selma K. Dritz

Jon A. Dubin

Anthony Joseph Dubright

Robert M. Ebiner

Thomas J. Edsall

Mary K. Bercaw Edwards

Matthew J. Ehrenberg

Shirley Ellingson

Elmira College Center for Mark Twain Studies

Eleanor A. Elrod

Everett Emerson

Vince Emery

Allison R. Ensor

Bill Erwin

EspriTruth Films

Dwayne Eutsey

Marian M. Everett

Philip and Linda Fanning

Pat and Morley S. Farquar

William M. Fay

Henry A. Feldman

Gail L. Ferris

Ann Cahill Fidanque

Victor Fischer

Shelley Fisher Fishkin

Norma J. Flanery

The Reverend Don Fraser

David T. Funk

Gordon Furth

Sam S. Gallinger

Fred Genchi

John Gensberg

Jay E. Gillette

David Glick

Fritz Goeckner

Dr. Anne T. Goetsch

Dorothy Goldberg in honor of Susan, Elena, and Ezra Snyder

Gloria R. Goldblatt

Stephen L. Golder

Mrs. Valerie M. Gomez

Marion S. Goodin

Lowell Gorseth

Vida L. Gosheff

Shoji Goto

Mrs. Adolphus E. Graupner, Jr.

Maxine W. Greer in memory of William W. Greer

Kenneth L. Greif

Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Griffin

Michael D. Griffith

Vernon Q. Gross

Gerald Gunn in memory of Robert and Louise Gunn

Jean F. Guyer

Lawrence P. Haeg

Kenneth L. Hagstrom

Peter E. Hanff

John and Kathryn Hansell

Mr. and Mrs. Robert T Harnsberger

Mrs. Mercedes Haroldson

Susan K. Harris

Katherine A. and Terrence E. Harris-Inman

Michael Harrison

Peter D. Hart

Julia Hartung

David Hawkins and Ann

Kirschner in memory of Jack Hawkins

Linda S. and William E. Hawn

Richard G. Heggie

James D. Heiple

Katherine Heller

H. Sleet Henderson

Margaret E. Henderson

Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth Heuler

Mark Heyman

Sandra Hjorth

Mary Jo Hobart-Parks in memory of Russell Jewell

Elizabeth A. Hoem

Carl Hoff

Mrs. Carl J. Hoffman in honor of Cyril Clemens

Raymond Holbert

Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Holcomb

Karen Holmes

Professor and Mrs. Richard H. Holton

Larry Howe

George L. Howell

Nancy Hoyt

David S. Hubbell, M.D.

Mr. and Mrs. F. Vernon Hudnut

Michael F. Hughes

Justine Hume

Sheila and Michael Humphreys

Mr. and Mrs. Daniel M. Hungerford

The IAWQ-Microorganisms Conference

Hiroyoshi Ichikawa

Dr. M. Thomas Inge

Dr. Marcia Jacobson

Mark S. Jaffe

Dr. Janice Beaty Janssen in memory of Dale Janssen

David Jenkins

Robert Jenkins

Ruth M. Johanson in memory of Adolph H. Hintz

Mary Ann Johnson

Robert and Judy Jones

Mark Jordan

Fred Kaplan

The Katherine Heller and Rolf Lygren Fund

Dennis and Hene Kelly

Janette A. Kelly

Lynn Kelly

Dr. Charles C. Kelsey in memory of James D. Wilson

Maxwell R. Keniston

Howard Kerr

Harlan and Esther Kessel

David Kessler

David B. Kesterson

John K. King Books

Robert R. Kinkead, Jr.

Ronald C. Kinkeade

Michael J. Kiskis

Elsa C. Kleinman

Paul and Elisa Kleven

Dorothy Klopf

Jeremy Knight

Robert E. and Margarette L. Knudsen

Lawrence T Kocher

Julia Kramer

Larry Kramer

Kathryn C. Krauss

Richard W. La Rue

Mr. and Mrs. S. L. Laidig

Baldwin G. and Ormond S. Lamson

Rudolph M. Lapp

John Leahy

Harriet Lin Lee

Mark and Evelyn Leeper

Philip W. Leon

Robert C. Lesser

Mrs. Roxanne Lindsay in memory of Bob Livermore

William S. Linn

Albert Locher-Bartschi

Rita M. Locke

Bill Loehfelm

William H. Loos

John E. and Nancy J. Lorz

Richard A. Lowenstein

Eugene V. Luttrell

Kerry L. Macintosh

Ian MacKinlay

David Madson

A. Maher

Linda Rose Maio

William Makely in memory of Walter Blair

George Mailman

Mila P. Mangold

James F. Manning

Stephanie Manning

The Mark Twain Circle of America

The Mark Twain Society, Inc.

Lawrence Marshburne, Jr.

Patrick E. Martin

Gregory Matza

Henry and Elizabeth Mayer

Jeffrey Mayne in memory of Lois and Jay McCarthy

Patricia Murphy McClelland in honor of Professor Leslie Fiedler

Joseph B. McCullough

Monica McGoldrick

Lynn McGowin

Mrs. Claudia R. McMullin

Wilson C. McWilliams

Ronald R. Melen

Gary L. Menges

Eileen N. Meredith

Theodore Meriam

Peter Messent

Spencer and Roberta Michels

J. N. Miettinen

Jay and Elise Miller

Michael Millgate

Ruth L. Mirassou in memory of Norbert Mirassou

Annie R. Mitchell

R. E. Mitchell

George and Elizabeth Mohun

F. Van Dorn and Carolyn U. Moller

Rayburn S. Moore in honor of Louis J. Budd and in memory of Arlin Turner

Michael Moores

Linda Morris in memory of Henry Nash Smith

Ron Morrison

Jane M. Murray

Jayne V. Diaz and Brian M. Murray

Charles and Doris Muscatine

Mr. and Mrs. Alan P. Nadritch

Makoto Nagawara

Keiko Nakagawa

Leslie Neely

Bette Newberger

Morton Newman

Robert S. Newton

Phyllis Nicholson

Albert Raymond Nish, Jr.

Charles A. Norton

Dorothy B. Nyswander

Patrick and Cathy Ober

Terry and Linda Oggel

The Olive L. Oggel Trust

Sheldeen G. Osborne

Wayne S. Ove

Lois Over

Robert Overbey

David W. Palmer

Marty Parkes

Dr. William E. Phipps

Mrs. Mary P. Pierce

Elizabeth Lyman Potter

Marilyn C. Potter

Skip Press

Diana J. Prola

Leslie B. Rail

Randall House Rare Books

R. Kent Rasmussen

Bruce Redwine III

W. R. Reidelberger

Elinor Reiss

The Reverend James Richardson

Mrs. Barbara H. Riggins

Mr. and Mrs. Jack E. Ritter

Taylor Roberts

Mrs. Kip Robinson

Judith Robinson

Albert S. Rodda, Jr.

Emily C. Rogers

John Rosen

Leslie Rosenbaum

Carl E. Rosenfeld

Bernard M. Rosenthal

Lynne M. Rusinko

Susan J. Sager

David Sakrison

Mrs. Leon E. Salanave in memory of Leon E. Salanave

Kenneth M. Sanderson

Eva Lee Sargent

Charles W. Savage III

Andrea B. Schlanger

Jim Schlievert

Barbara Schmidt

Katherine Schmidt

Harry R. Schroeter, Jr.

James J. Schubring

Timothy, Sue, and James Schulfer

Richard F. Sentner, Jr.

Gretchen E. Sharlow

Carol Booth Sharon

Jacklyn Lauchland Shaw in memory of Afghanistan Refugees

S. Diane Shaw

Robert C. Shenk, Jr.

Polly A. Siegel

Carl B. and Elaine M. Simmons

Virginia H. and Warren G. Simms

Todd W. Singer

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Corwin Singleton

Michael J. Skinner in memory of L. Bennett

David E. E. Sloane

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Thomas Slotta in memory of Caroline Thomas Harnsberger

Elinor Lucas Smith

Dr. Geoffrey S. Smith

India M. Smith

Gene Snook

Colleen A. Spadaro

Mr. and Mrs. Peter C. Speers, Jr.

Marseille Spetz in memory of

Leon Goldman

Ronald M. Spielman

Robert C. Spiess

James M. and Betty Jean Spitze

Mary Staats

Verne A. Stadtman

Mr. and Mrs. Jack Steadman

Dr. and Mrs. Eugene C. Steeb

The Riverdale Press

Marshall D. Stein

Jeffrey Steinbrink

Charles G. and Tracy I. Stephenson

Eileen H. Strickland

Louis R. Suarez-Potts

Frances M. Sykes

Koji Tabei

G. Thomas Tanselle

John Curtiss Taylor III

Lu Terock

Anson Blake Thacher

Robert E. Thomason in memory of Dorothy H. Thomason

The Kenneth L. and Marian C. Thompson Fund

Stephen L. Tidier

The Times Mirror Foundation

Eloyde J. Tovey

Mrs. Forrest E. Tregea

Peter Tremblay

Edward L. Tucker

Bari Turner

Richard E. Tuttle

Frances E. Tywoniak

Charles S. Underhill

The United States Trust Company

Hirofumi Unoki

Thomas S. Van Den Heuvel

W. E. and Jean K. Van Loben Sels

Ellen M. and Michael Vernon

Terry Viele

Richard A. Vignolo

Robert W. Vivian

Warren W. Wallace

Kathleen Walsh

Donald Warrin in memory of Robert A. Murray

Willard D. Washburn

Professor M. Frances Van Loo and Robert Wazeka

Zella Y. Weeks

Mary A. and Charles L. Welch

Emmy E. Werner-Jacobsen

Ann A. West

The WGBH Educational Foundation

John and Kim Wheaton

John Wiesemes

Matilda B. Wilbur

T. H. Wildenradt

Merilynn A. Wilson

Herbert A. Wisbey, Jr.

Donald A. Wolfel

Thomas Edwin Woodhouse

Sam Woodward

Byra Wreden

Roger M. Wright

Richard B. Yale

Mariko Yoshida

Nancy W. Zinn

David and Yoko Zmijewski

Jim Zwick