24 and 25 April 1862 • Aurora, Calif./Nev. Terr. (MS: NPV, UCCL 00045)
Yours of 17th, per express, just received. Part of it pleased me exceedingly, and part of it didn’t. Concerning the latter, for instance: You have promised me that you would leave all mining matters, and everything involving an outlay of money, in my hands. Now it may be a matter of no consequence at all to you, to keep your word with me, but I assure you I look upon it in a very different light. Indeed I fully expect you to deal as conscientiously with me as you would with any other man. Moreover, you know as well as I, I doⒶemendation, that the very best course that you and I can pursue will be, to keep on good terms with each other—notwithstanding which fact, we shall certainly split inside of six months if you go on in this way. You see I talk plainly. Because I know what is due me, and I would not put up with such treatment from any body but you. We discussed that Harroun business once before, and it was decided, then, that he was not to receive a cent of money.1explanatory note But you have paid him $50. And you agreed to pay a portion of Perry’s expenses, &c., although, as I gather from the tone of your letter, you know that y knew, at thatⒶemendation very moment, that you were breaking your word with me, and also, that all the money you might expend in that project would go to the devil without every benefitting you a penny. As soon as Perry left your presence, you cursed yourself for being so easily persuaded, and resolved that he might pay his own prospecting expenses, without hope of assistance from you. Now wouldn’t it have been better to have saved yourself all that thisⒶemendation by simply pronouncing the talismanic “No,” which always sticks in your throat? And would it not be be asⒶemendation well, even at this late day, to say to him that by a solemn promise made to me, you are debarred from expending money on such prospectingⒶemendation tours, in &c.Ⓐemendation, in search of Mill Sites, (which is probably the d—dest strangest phantom that ever did flit before the dazed eyes of a prospector since that genus came into existence,) without first asking gettingⒶemendation me to agree to it. That you have triedⒶemendation me, but it wouldn’t work. That I have already backed down from paying Pfersdorff’s expenses, and will never consent again, while the world stands, to help pay another man’s expenses. I don’t know where the m MountainⒶemendation House is, but I do know that if there is a mill site near the Mountain House worth having, Mr. Perry will arrive that thereⒶemendation a long time after it was taken up. But as for all the ledges he can find between now and next Christmas, I would not supply his trip with lucifer matches for a half interest in them. Sending a man fooling around the country after ledges, for God’s sake!—when there are hundreds of feet of them under my nose here, begging for owners, free of charge. G—d d—n it, I don’t want any more feet, and I won’t touch another foot—so you see, Orion, as far as any ledges of Perry’s are concerned, (or any other, except what I examine first with my own eyes), I freely yield my right to share ownership with you.2explanatory note
Now, Orion, I have given you a piece of my mind—you have it in full, and you deserved it—for you would be ashamed to acknowledge that you ever broke faith with another man as you have with me. I shall never look upon Ma’s face again, or Pamela’s, or get married, or revisitⒶemendation the “Banner State,” until I am a rich man—so you can easily see that when you stand between me and my fortune (the one which I shall make, as surely as Fate itself,) you stand between me and home, friends, and all that I care for—and by the Lord God! you must clear the track, you know!
The balance of your letter, I say, pleases me exceedingly. Especially that about the H. & D. being worth from $30 to $50 in Cal. It pleases me because, if the ledges prove to be worthless, it will be a pleasant reflection to know that others were beaten worse than ourselves. ’Raish sold a man 30 feet, yesterday, at $20 a foot, although I was present at the sale, and told the man the ground wasn’t worth a d—n. He said he had been hankering after a few feet in the H. & D. for a long time, and he had got them at last, and he couldn’t help thingkingⒶemendation he had secured a good thing. We went and looked at the ledges, and both of them acknowledged that there was nothing in them but good “indications.” Yet the owners in the H. & D. will part with anything else sooner than with feet in those ledges. Well, the work goes slowly—very slowly on, in the tunnel, and we’ll strike it some day.3explanatory note But—if we “strike it rich,”—I’ve lost my guess, that’s all. I expect that the way it got so high in Cal. was, that Raish’s brother, over there was offered $75000 for 20 feet of it, and he refused.
Yes, the saddlebags were all right. I had nothing to pay on them. With letters, though, the case is different. Have to pay for them at both ends of the route. Raish says money can’t be sent by mail. It’s a d—d curious mail, isn’t it.?Ⓐemendation
The next excellent news is the $50, although I did supposeⒶemendation I could have worried along with something less for a week or two.
But the best news of all is, your resolution to take Kinkead’s office.;Ⓐemendation and when you come to furnish it, look at what the Country paid in that way for Turner’s office, and see it ifⒶemendation you can’t “go” a few dollars “better.” But the carpet—let that eclipse everything in town. I feel very much relieved, to think you will be out of that d—d coop shortly.
Lieut. Noble and his men are here. Three deserted yesterday. One was caught to-day and put in irons.4explanatory note
Couldn’t go on the hill to-day. It snowed. It always snows here, I expect.
Don’t you suppose they have pretty much quit writing, at home?
(over)
When you receive your next ¼’rs salary, don’t send any of it here until after you have told me you have got it. Remember this. I am afraid of that H. & D.5explanatory note
They have struck the ledge in the Live Yankee tunnel, and I told the President, Mr. Allen, that it wasn’t as good as the croppings. He said that was true enough, but they would hang to until it Ⓐemendation did prove rich. He is much of a gentleman, that man Allen.
Remember me to Tom Nye and Lockhart.
And tell askⒶemendation Gasherie why the devil he don’t send along my commission as Deputy Sheriff. The fact of my being in California, and out of his county, would amount to a d—n with me, in the performance of my official duties.6explanatory note
I have nothing to report, at present, except that I shall find out all I want to know about this locality before I leave it.
Did you tell Upton what I told you in my last?
How do the Records pay?7explanatory note
P.S.—Put off Harroun, now, until his pay comes out of the ledges. Phillips and I will see him this summer.
in pencil on a small scrap of paper, both sides:P. S.—Friday Morning.—I am in a better humor this morning, but as you deserved a blowing-up, why, I will not deprive you of it. I am on my way now, with picks, &c., to work on my pet claim. If it proves good, you will know all about it some day—if it don’t, you will never even learn its name. So, wait, and banish hope—for I have Resolved, that it is like most Esmeralda ledges, viz: worthless. ¶Ⓐemendation. I went down with Lieut. Noble, awhile ago, to get Wasson’s order conveying the guns of the “Esmeralda Rifles” to his (N.’s) charge custody.Ⓐemendation The people here regret being deprived of these arms, as the Secessionists have declared that in case Cal. accedes to the new boundaries, Gov. Nye shall not assume jurisdiction here. Noble will perhaps remain here a fortnight, and hopes are entertained that Gen. Wright may be prevailed upon to allow the arms to remain here. All this has been told the Governor in a letter sent from here by mail. If that letter is still in t CarsonⒶemendation (or the P.O.,) express it to Frisco. It’s in a white mail envelop thus directed: “His Excellency Gov. Nye, Carson City, Nevada Territory.” (true copy: teste.)8explanatory note
in ink, crosswise over the previous paragraph:Ratio, wishes you to ask Gen. Bunker, if he is still in Carson, to see Cradlebaugh, when he gets to Washington, and get him to use his best endeavors toward securing his brother’s appointment to the n NavalⒶemendation School.9explanatory note Ratio will make the Gen. a handsome present of a good mining claim for his trouble.
As recently as 17 April Clemens had instructed Orion to “pay Harroun no money.”
Orion’s interest in recent mining “excitements” near Carson City found expression in a letter of 10 May to the Keokuk Gate City. Among the discoveries he described was one that presumably was the Mountain House ledge: “A ledge in the mountains, three or four miles west of Carson lately struck—must be good—one of the owners says it is” (OC 1862, 2). Nothing is known about Perry, whom Orion evidently had grubstaked.
The tunnel into Martinez Hill, Aurora, that Clemens, Horatio G. Phillips, and others had been developing since late 1861 (see 8 and 9 Feb 62 to JLC and PAM, n. 2click to open link).
Following their skirmishes with the Indians near the Owens River (see 13 Apr 62 to OC, n. 3click to open link), Lieutenant Noble and his men returned to Aurora, escorting settlers forced to flee the area of the hostilities. California military records identify two of the men who deserted at Aurora, on 21 April: Frederick Gramer and August Kertz. The third man is not listed, possibly because he was quickly apprehended (Vox Populi 1862, 5; “By Telegraph to the Union,” Sacramento Union, 2 May 62, 2; Orton, 205).
Orion’s salary of $450 for the first quarter of 1862 had been sent from Washington on 12 April but did not reach him in Carson City until 3 July, long after the Horatio and Derby ledge had ceased to interest Clemens (OC to Elisha Whittlesey, 3 May 62, 30 June 62, and 7 July 62, NvU-NSP).
D. J. Gasherie served two terms (1862–64) as Ormsby County sheriff (Angel, 530). He is a minor character in two of Clemens’s 1863 sketches for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise: “A Sunday in Carson” and “A Bloody Massacre near Carson” (see ET&S1 , 220–22, 320–26). Although Clemens here seems to accept California’s claim to Aurora, he aligns himself later in this letter with the partisans of Nevada (see note 8). According to his friend Robert M. Howland, Aurora was considered by “most of the settlers here to be in Nevada Territory” (Howland to “Cousin Martha,” 12 Jan 62, Gunn). That observation was confirmed by the Aurora correspondent of the Sacramento Union, who estimated the pro-Nevada majority as “seven-eighths of the people” (Vox Populi 1862, 8).
Clemens was probably referring to the fee law enacted on 29 November 1861 (see 17 and 19 Apr 62 to OC, n. 8click to open link). It allowed Orion Clemens to collect “thirty cents per folio, of one hundred words” on copies of “any law, joint resolution, transcript of record, or other document or paper, on file in his office” which he furnished to private individuals (Laws 1862, 310–11).
In November 1861 the Territorial Legislature had appropriated funds for a survey to establish the California-Nevada boundary. The work of surveyors John Kidder and Butler Ives, completed by 14 August 1862, put Aurora, which California claimed as the seat of Mono County, within Nevada Territory. Reluctant to lose the mineral wealth of Aurora, California refused to accept the Kidder-Ives boundary (Nye, 14; Angel, 100, 401–2; Mack 1936, 394–98; Veni, Vidi 1862, 1). This potentially explosive disagreement was exacerbated by national Civil War allegiances, the pro-California group in Aurora being vocal in its Southern sympathies. In March 1862, at the same time that Lieutenant Noble and his California cavalry troop were first sent to Aurora, Governor Nye requisitioned fifty government muskets for the use of Aurora citizens. Upon the arrival of the guns in early April, Aurora Unionists immediately organized the Esmeralda Rifles as home guards (Vox Populi 1862, 8; “From Nevada Territory,” San Francisco Alta California, 16 Apr 62, 1, reprinting the Carson City Silver Age of 11 Apr 62). Clemens notes here that the Esmeralda Rifles’ weapons had been confiscated by the California military, leaving Aurora open to the depredations of the secessionist pro-California faction. His concern for delivery of the letter to Nye clearly places him in the camp of the pro-Nevada, pro-Union Aurora residents. United States military authorities in California—Brigadier General George Wright was commandant of the Department of the Pacific, headquartered in San Francisco—were persuaded to re-arm the Esmeralda Rifles in August after violent secessionist demonstrations in Aurora. Lieutenant Noble, a strong Union supporter, led the action that quelled the disturbances (Angel, 266–67; Langley 1862, 545). For a discussion of Orion’s part in the boundary dispute and the details of its settlement, see 11 and 12 Apr 63 to JLC and PAM, n. 5click to open link.
John Cradlebaugh, a former associate justice for Utah Territory, had been elected on 31 August 1861 as Nevada’s territorial delegate to the Thirty-seventh United States Congress. He served in Washington, D.C., from 2 December 1861 through 3 March 1863 (Andrew J. Marsh, 682 n. 160; Angel, 78). Attorney General Benjamin B. Bunker already had “left for the East” (OC to William M. Gillespie, 22 Apr 62, NvU-NSP).
MS, Jean Webster McKinney Family Papers, Vassar College Library (NPV).
L1 , 194–199; MTB , 1:199, brief excerpts; MTL , 1:79–81, with omissions; MTBus , 70–71, with extensive omissions.
see McKinney Family Papers, pp. 459–61.
More information on provenance may be found in Description of Provenanceclick to open link.