11 October 1876 • Hartford, Conn. (MS: NN-BGC, UCCL 02508)
(SUPERSEDED)
I don’t believe I am going to be able to do anything for Jany. No. We shall see.
I have put in this whole day clearing off a fortnight’s accumulating correspondence—have just sent out the result to the post-box—an arm-full of letters. Think of a whole day wasted in such exasperating folly. It is enough to make a man say dern.
Now I propose to take it out of you. I will sit here & write to you till I drop.
In the first place you will have to do me a favor—for I don’t somehow feel like trusting anybody. Ⓐemendation else. It is a secret, to be known to nobody but you (of course I comprehend that Mrs. Howells is part of you) that Bret Harte came up here the other day & asked me to help him write a play & divide the swag, & I agreed. I am to put in Scotty Briggs (see Buck Fanshaw’s Funeral, in Roughing It), & he is to put in a Chinaman (a wonderfully funny creature, as Bret presents him—for 5 minutes—in his Sandy Bar play.2explanatory note) in margin: Check for $1,616.16 has just arrived—my clear profit on Raymond’s first week in Philadelphia.3explanatory note Write a drama, Howells. This Chinaman is to be the character of the play, & both of us will work on him & develop him. Bret is to draw a plot, & I am to do the same; we shall use the best of the two, or gouge from both & build a third. My plot is built—finished it yesterday—six days’ work, 8 or 9 hours a day, & has nearly killed me.
Now the favor I ask of you is that you will have the words “Ah Sin, a Drama,” printed in the middle of a note-paper page, & send the same to me, with bill. We don’t want anybody to know that we are building this play. I can’t get this title-pageⒶemendation printed here without having to lie so much that the thought of it is disagreeable to one reared as I have been. And yet the title of the play must be printed—the rest of the application for copyright is allowable in penmanship.4explanatory note
Of course I haven’t had time to even glance at Mr. Boot’s music, but I’m going to. I met Miss Kellogg the other day, & she was vastly cordial, but I’m done offering music to any villain that yawps on a stage, be he male or female. To have such a sweat as I had with that woman over that piece of music is a sufficiency of that sort of thing. Kellogg says she’s coming to our house the first chance she gets; then I’ll let her sing this piece; & if she likes it & wants it & says so, like a man, she shall have it; but I ain’t going to give her any more chances to act the son of a gun with Mr. Boott & me. I wish you’d tell Mr. Boott I like this song ever so much—because I know I shall like it.5explanatory note
We have got the very best gang of servants in America, now. When George first came he was one of the most religious of men.6explanatory note He had but one fault—young George Washington’s. But I have trained him; & now it fairly breaks Mrs. Clemens’s heart to hear George stand at that front door & lie to the unwelcome visitor. But your time is valuable; I must not dwell upon these things.
I am mighty sorry that book does not sell better;7explanatory note but don’t you worry about Hayes. He is as bound to go to the White House as Tilden is to go to the devil when the last trump blows. I don’t worry the least in the world, since my brother went over to the enemy. If you knew him as well as I do you would have confidence in him. His instinct to do the wrong thing is absolutely unerring.
But I must not dwell upon these things. I’ll ask Warner & Harte if they’ll do Blindfold Novelettes. Some time I’ll simplify that plot. All it needs is that the hanging & the marriage shall not be appointed for the same day. I got over that difficulty, but it required too much MS to reconcile the thing—so the movement of the story was clogged.8explanatory note
I came near agreeing to make political speeches with our candidate for Governor the 16th & 23d inst., but I had to give up the idea, for Harte & I will be here at work then.9explanatory note 〚Of course the printers would leave off the word “gas-” from “pipe” in my remark about the plumbers, thus marring the music & clearness of the sentence.〛10explanatory note
But I will not dwell upon these things. Will you send me 3 proofs of my December article? Corrected ones.
Reply only with postal card. You’ve got writing enough to do without my burdening you.
I’ll try to contribute to the Contributors’ Club—you leave out our names, don’t you?11explanatory note
“Reflect” is exactly the right word in the Echo article. Scientists use no other in such places.
Please send me a couple more copies. Corrected copies, I mean. I couldn’t read all that hogwash over again.12explanatory note
Clemens in part answered the following letters (CU-MARK):
The letter in which Howells promised to “leg” for Stoddard does not survive. For the ownership of the Atlantic Monthly, see L6 , 312–13 n. 1. James Russell Lowell had been the magazine’s first editor, serving from 1857 until 1881 (Sedgwick 1994, 44–67). Clemens’s contribution to the December number was “The Canvasser’s Tale” (SLC 1876).
Hop Sing, the Chinese laundryman in Two Men of Sandy Bar, became Ah Sin, the title character in Harte and Clemens’s play. Although Hop Sing was the direct inspiration for the stage Ah Sin, a version of Ah Sin first appeared in Harte’s popular poem “Plain Language from Truthful James,” also known as “The Heathen Chinee,” in the Overland Monthly for September 1870 (Harte 1870). See note 4.
Raymond was at Philadelphia’s Walnut Street Theatre with Colonel Sellers for a two-week engagement that had begun on Monday, 2 October (“Amusements,” Philadelphia Public Ledger, 30 Sept, 2 Oct, 9 Oct 76, 1).
Howells complied within a few days (see 23 Oct 76 to Spoffordclick to open link, n. 2). Any hopes Clemens had of keeping his and Harte’s plans exclusive, as well as confidential, were already futile. On 2 September 1876 the New York Times had reported:
Mr. C. T. Parsloe, the talented young actor who, in the small part of the Chinaman Hop Sing, in the “Two Men of Sandy Bar,” made the only artistic success of the play, has been approached lately by several dramatists who are anxious to develop the idea of the Chinese character into the leading and important feature of a new drama to be “written expressly for” him. (“Amusements,” 5)
And on 10 September the Times further noted: “Mr. C. T. Parsloe, of the Union Square Theatre is having a new drama written for him, in which a Chinese character is the prominent feature” (“Record of Amusements,” 7). Charles T. Parsloe, Jr. (1836–98), was a well-known character actor. By mid-December 1876 he was seriously interested in Ah Sin (see 20 Dec 76 to Perkinsclick to open link, n. 2; “Death List of a Day: Charles Thomas Parsloe,” New York Times, 23 Jan 98, 7).
Since the summer of 1875, Clemens had been trying to interest soprano Clara Louise Kellogg in music by Howells’s friend Francis Boott. In the spring of 1876 Boott had arranged one of his songs for Clemens himself. Howells must have recently sent Clemens still more of Boott’s work, enclosed with either his 8 or his 10 October letter, or with an earlier letter not known to survive (3 Apr 76 to Howellsclick to open link, n. 1, and L6 , 492–94, 504–5 n. 1, 506 n. 8, 509–10, 581–82).
George Griffin had been the Clemenses’ butler since 1875 (see L6 , 583 n. 5).
Howells’s Sketch of the Life and Character of Rutherford B. Hayes (Howells 1876).
It is not known if Clemens ever simplified the plot of his story, which remained unpublished for 125 years (see 22 Apr 76 to Howellsclick to open link, n. 2).
The Republican candidate for governor was Henry C. Robinson, lawyer, insurance executive, and former mayor of Hartford. He lost to the Democratic candidate, Hartford lawyer Richard D. Hubbard, on 7 November 1876. Both men were Clemens’s Hartford Monday Evening Club friends (11 Jan 76 to Howellsclick to open link, n. 2; “Connecticut,” New York Times, 2 Nov 76, 7; “Official Vote of Connecticut,” Hartford Courant, 23 Nov 76, 2; Cheney, 16, 19; L6 , 393 n. 3). Bret Harte was coming to Hartford to work with Clemens on Ah Sin. In his Autobiographical Dictation of 4 February 1907, Clemens recalled Harte’s work habits:
He came to Hartford and remained with us two weeks. He was a man who could never persuade himself to do a stroke of work until his credit was gone, and all his money, and the wolf was at his door; then he could sit down and work harder—until temporary relief was secured—than any man I have ever seen. . . . The next morning after his arrival we went to the billiard-room and began work upon the play. I named my characters and described them; Harte did the same by his. Then he began to sketch the scenario, act by act, and scene by scene. He worked rapidly, and seemed to be troubled by no hesitations or indecisions; what he accomplished in an hour or two would have cost me several weeks of painful and difficult labor, and would have been valueless when I got through. But Harte’s work was good, and usable; to me it was a wonderful performance.
Then the filling-in began. Harte set down the dialogue swiftly, and I had nothing to do except when one of my characters was to say something; then Harte told me the nature of the remark that was required, I furnished the language, and he jotted it down. After this fashion, we worked two or three or four hours every day for a couple of weeks, and produced a comedy that was good and would act. His part of it was the best part of it.
Harte’s visit evidently occupied the last two weeks of October 1876. Clemens recalled that he returned briefly early the following month, with a political more than literary purpose:
On the 7th of November, 1876—I think it was the 7th—he suddenly appeared at my house in Hartford and remained there during the following day—election day. As usual, he was tranquil; he was serene; doubtless the only serene and tranquil voter in the United States; the rest—as usual in our country—were excited away up to the election limit, for that vast political conflagration was blazing at white heat which was presently to end in one of the Republican party’s most cold-blooded swindles of the American people—the stealing of the presidential chair from Mr. Tilden, who had been elected, and the conferring of it upon Mr. Hayes, who had been defeated. . . . I was as excited and inflamed as was the rest of the voting world, and I was surprised when Harte said he was going to remain with us until the day after the election; but not much surprised, for he was such a careless creature that I thought it just possible that he had gotten his dates mixed. There was plenty of time for him to correct his mistake, and I suggested that he go back to New York and not lose his vote. But he said he was not caring about his vote; that he had come away purposely, in order that he might avoid voting and yet have a good excuse to answer the critics with. Then he told me why he did not wish to vote. He said that through influential friends he had secured the promise of a consulate from Mr. Tilden and the same promise from Mr. Hayes; that he was going to be taken care of no matter how the contest might go, and that his interest in the election began and ended there. He said he could not afford to vote for either of the candidates, because the other candidate might find it out and consider himself privileged to cancel his pledge. (SLC 1907, in MTE , 275, 277–78, 286–88)
Harte returned to Hartford a few weeks later, as evidenced by Joseph H. Twichell’s journal entry for 30 November: “Called at M.T.’s and found Bret Harte there again (He and M. are writing a play together) and had some talk with him” (Twichell 1874–1916, 2:126).
The first Contributors’ Club was introduced as follows:
[In this place the editors propose to avail themselves of such passages of their correspondence as have a public interest, hoping in this desultory fashion to secure some notable part of that opinion of events, manners, and letters which otherwise goes unuttered in print. They invite all writers who have minds upon any ethical or æsthetic subject briefly to free them here, and while they will not wittingly suffer a personal spite to be wreaked, they will especially welcome the expression of intellectual grudges of every sort. In like manner whoever has a strong predilection worthy the reader’s consideration shall have the right to make it known under this head. New facts of literary or artistic value will also be very acceptable.] (Atlantic Monthly 39 [Jan 77]: 100)
Clemens sent this complaint, which, like all the contributions, was published anonymously:
—Miss Anna Dickinson, I see, again braves her fate with the public on the stage. I do not know how much she may have improved in the theatrical art since I saw her in Boston last winter, but the critics, who have constantly been kinder to her than her own ambition has been, do not yet raise the voice of acclaim. On her first appearance I found the spectacle of her failure so cruel that it was impossible to look at it steadily. And yet, after I came away, I perceived the justice of what had happened. Here was a lady, with all the good motives in the world, aiming to place herself at the very top in an untried art, over the heads of people who had given years or lives of hard work to it. If she had succeeded, it would have been an injustice more cruel than her failure was. But it was not in nature, it was not in the justice which orders these things, that she should succeed. Genius itself succeeds only by arduous self-training; and it is not for the beginner in any art to snatch its honors from its devoted students. On the whole, I consoled myself for Miss Dickinson’s defeat. It was not peculiarly arrogant in her to attempt the highest prize of the theatrical art; that is what débutantes of mature years nearly always do; but the thing is arrogant in itself. If Miss Dickinson had gone humbly to some accomplished actor, and begged to know in what subordinate walk of the profession she might hope, with anxious and assiduous study, to succeed, and she had tried that and failed, I should have felt sorry for her. But I bear her present defeat with fortitude; and I count it gain whenever this people, in whatever way, gets a knockdown hint to the effect that to do a thing you must learn how; and that to play on the fiddle it is not merely necessary to take a bow and fiddle with it. (SLC 1877)
Clemens actually had attended Dickinson’s unsuccessful debut performance as a dramatic actress, in her own play, A Crown of Thorns, in Boston, in May of 1876 (see 26 Apr 76 to Howellsclick to open link, n. 7, and 4 May 76 to Howellsclick to open link, nn. 1–2). His misreporting of the date may have been artifice rather than inaccuracy, a ploy to further disguise his authorship inasmuch as he was known to have witnessed her failure. Since the January 1877 Atlantic Monthly issued in mid-December, Clemens must have submitted his contribution by about mid-November. He doubtless was reacting to reports in the press of Dickinson’s Midwestern tour with the play in the fall of 1876 (Eppard and Monteiro 1983, 2; Chester 1951, 185–86).
Clemens had already received one proof of “The Canvasser’s Tale,” probably with Howells’s 8 October or 10 October letter. On it Howells evidently questioned the following usages of “reflect” in Clemens’s account of two echo collectors contending for ownership of the “king echo of the universe”:
You see, as long as he could not have the echo, he was resolved that nobody should have it. He would remove his hill, and then there would be nothing to reflect my uncle’s echo. . . .
It was finally decided that the echo was property; that the hills were property; that the two men were separate and independent owners of the two hills, but tenants in common in the echo; therefore defendant was at full liberty to cut down his hill, since it belonged solely to him, but must give bonds in three million dollars as indemnity for damages which might result to my uncle’s half of the echo. This decision also debarred my uncle from using defendant’s hill to reflect his part of the echo, without defendant’s consent; he must use only his own hill; if his part of the echo would not go, under these circumstances, it was sad, of course, but the court could find no remedy. The court also debarred defendant from using my uncle’s hill to reflect his end of the echo, without consent. (SLC 1876, 675)
In fact, the usage was quite correct: dictionaries had long defined an echo as “reflected”sound. Clemens presumably returned the proof, with any revisions he did make, with the present letter.
MTL , 1:287–89, partial publication; MTHL , 1:157–59.
See Howells Letters in Description of Provenanceclick to open link.