11 and 12 May 1862 • Aurora, Calif./Nev. Terr. (MS: NPV and CU-MARK, UCCL 00048)
To use a French expression, I have “got my d—d satisfy” at last. Two years’ time will make us capitalists, in spite of anything. Therefore, we need fret and fume, and worry and doubt no more, but just lie still and put up with priviationsⒶemendation for six months. Perhaps 3 months will “let us out.” Then, if Government refuses to pay the rent on your new office, we can do it ourselves. We have got to wait six weeks, anyhow, for a dividend, maybe longer—but that it will come, there is no shadow of a doubt. I have got the thing sifted down to a dead moral certainty. I own one-eighth of the new “Monitor Ledge, Clemens Company,” and money can’t buy a foot of it; because I know it to contain our fortune.1explanatory note The ledge is 8 6Ⓐemendation feet wide, and one needs no glass to see gold & silver in it. Phillips and I own one‐half of a segregated claim in the “Flyaway” discovery, and good interests in two extensions on it. We put men to work on our part of the discovery yesterday, and last night they brought us some fine specimens. Rock taken from 10 feet below the surface on the other part of the discovery, has yielded $15000 to the ton, in the mill and we are at work 300 feet from their shaft. Now for the reason why we can’t get a return for about 2 months. Clayton’s is the only mill in camp which can save more than 25 per cent. of any rock. Any other mill here would be sure to run us in debt. Now Clayton is bound by contract to crush no rock for six months except “Esmeralda” and “Antelope,” unless occasionally to work ab a batch of not less than 100 tons of outside rock. It would cost us $1000 to get out that much, maybe. But to-morrow, Raish commences, at Clayton’s Mill, to learn his process. He will learn it inside of six weeks. By that time Dow’s mill will be fitted up with Clayton machinery, and R. will take charge of the amalgamating department of it.2explanatory note Then, when we get rock worked, it will be done properly. And shortly after that, if we can money holds out, I shall have the workⒶemendation on the led leadsⒶemendation so far advanced that somebody with mining experience will have to relieve me—so, if Mr. Clayton will consent, R. will teach me the process, and when learned, leave me in the mill, and he will take charge of the mines. Looks like a d—d romance, don’t it?
Say nothing about this mill arrangement. It is a big thing. Other mills here charge $16 $18Ⓐemendation per ton for working rock, but Clayton charges $50. Save your money. If I had all the money we have spent foolishly lately Ⓐemendation since we have been in the Territory, I could use it now in sinking shafts. I am paying but little attention to our other claims. I have decided upon holding onto 3 claims, and letting the balance go for what they will bring. Having secured a sure thing now, we have will spend nothing on the other claims. Have you ever been paid by Gillespie?3explanatory note How doe Ⓐemendation the Records pay? How’s the “M. H?” 4explanatory note
I called for $150?Ⓐemendation Can you “see it?”
remainder in ink:May 12—Yours by the mail received last night. “Eighteen hundred feet in the C. T. Rice’s Company!”5explanatory note Well. I am glad you did not accept of the 200 feet. Tell Rice to give it to some poor man. I have fully determined that the “Monitor,” which is probably worth twenty-five Allen claims,6explanatory note shall be divided in twain some day, because 800 feet is too much to have in one company. 800 feet can be divided—but who wants to take risks on an untried portion of 1800, when in nine cases out of ten the ledge can’t be traced half the distance? In all the claims I have here which I consider of any value, I own one-fourth, except this, and the 1st N S.Ⓐemendation ex. Flyaway (one-ninth.) The latter I will sell when I can. I own one-fifth of the Dash-away, and about the same, I believe, in the Antelope Spur. We want no more ground. If I could have seen the “M. H.,” and satisfied myself that that specimen came from it, it would have been a dead-sure fortune. But as it is, it wall wasⒶemendation well enough to deed it back to Perry. I am sorry I could not go and see the “M. H.” But hereafter, when anybody holds up a glittering prospect before you, just argue in this wise, viz: That, if all spare change be devoted to working the “Monitor” and “Flyaway,” 12 months, or 24 at furthest, will find all our earthly wishes satisfied, so far as money is concerned—and the more “feet” we have, the more anxiety we must bear—therefore, why not say “No—d—n your ‘prospects,’ I wait on a sure thing—and a man is less than a man, if he can’t wait 2 years for a fortune?”Ⓐemendation When you and I came out here, we did not expect ’63 or ’64 to find us rich men—and if that proposition had been made, we would have accepted it gladly. Now, it is made.
Well, I am willing, now, that “Neary’s tunnel,” or e anybodyⒶemendation else’s tunnel shall succeed.7explanatory note Some of them may beat us a few months, but we shall be on hand in the fulness of time, as sure as fate. I would hate to swap chances with any member of the “tribe”—in fact, I am so lost to all sense and reason as to be capable of refusing to trade “Flyaway,” (with but 200 feet in the Company of four,) foot for foot for that splendid “Lady Washington,” with its list of capitalist proprietors, and its 35,000 feet of Priceless ground.
If Henry Hardy8explanatory note will take you up a claim and pay all assessments on it himself, forevermore, it would be well enough. But I don’t want it, even on those excellent terms.
Montgomery never gave me any deed at all. He sent me a blank deed, to be filled out in case I sold any ground for him. But I didn’t.
I wouldn’t mind being in some of those c ClearⒶemendation Creek claims, if I lived in Carson & we could spare the money.9explanatory note But I have struck my tent in Esmeralda, and I care for no mines but those which I can superintend myself. I am at citizen here now, and I am satisfied—although a R.Ⓐemendation and I are “strapped” and we haven’t three days’ rations in the house.
Raish is looking anxiously for money, and so am I. Send me whatever you can spare conveniently—and if you owe nothing on the Dayton lots, sell one of them for $100, or both for $150, if you can do no better, and co can’tⒶemendation otherwise raise that amount conveniently.10explanatory note I want it to work the Flyaway with. My fourth of that claim only cost me $50, (which isn’t paid yet, though,) and I suppose I could sell it here in town for ten times that amount, to-day, but I shall probably hold on to it till the cows come home. I shall work the “Monitor” and the other claims with my own hands. I prospected ¾ of a pound of “M.” yesterday, and Raish reduced it with the blow-pipe, and got about 10 or 12 cents in gold & silver, besides the other half of it which we spilt on the floor and didn’t get. There was about 4 or 5 times as much in the button as there was in that one which I sent you but from und10 or 11 12Ⓐemendation times as much rock Ⓐemendation. Lieut. Noble has got it. We put him in for 100 ft. The specimen came from the croppings, but was a choice one, and showed much free gold to the naked eye. The rock isⒶemendation exactly like the Antelope, and the ledge is the same width. I hope it may prove as rich.
Raish wrote the “Carsonite” letter to the “Age,” I only assisted him.11explanatory note
It will not be necessary to apprise me before sending down that portion of your salary. My only reason for s itⒶemendation was, that I was afraid that if these Derbys got the money, they would not do their work in the tunnel, and that would be another “dead dog” you know. I am confident they did not intend to do the work. But they kept inquiring about the money until I told them that the matter was in my hands now, entirely, and I hardly thought that last payment would ever be made until the work was done on the feet they still hold. They said your promise was out. I told them it would probably stay out for awhile—that if it were still in your hands, you would keep your promise; but it wasn’t, and I didn’t mind such things much when I found they were likely to render worthless a good claim. They said they had no means to work it with. So they told Raish. And I sent them word that if it suited them, I would have it worked myself, and take my pay out of the $75. They said “all right”—(what else could they say, you know?)—and I have had the work done.
Well, I like the corner up-stairs office amazingly—provided, it has one fine, large front room superbly carpeted, for the safe and a $150-desk, or such a matter—one handsome room amidships, less handsomely gotten up, perhaps, for Records and consultations, and one goodsized bedroomⒶemendation and adjoining it a kitchen, neither of which latter can be entered by anybody but yourself12explanatory note—and finally, when one of these ledges begins to pay, the whole to be kept in parlor order by two likely cl contrabandsⒶemendation at big wages, the same to be free of expense to the Government.13explanatory note You want the entire second story—no less room than you would have had in Harris & Co.’s.14explanatory note Make them fix for you before the 1st July—for maybe you might want to “come out strong” on the 4th, you know.
No, the Post Office is all right, and kept by a gentleman15explanatory note—but W. F. Express isn’t. They charge 25c to Express a letter from here, but I believe they have quit charging twice for letters that arrive prepaid.
Well, if Harroun calls for assessments, I would pay them when the call does not exceed $20 at a time and don’t come too often. You see 50 feet in those Humboldt ledges of infernal proportions don’t amount to much, and when they levy on you for $20, you may feel pretty sure that you are paying more than your share, because, in that case anybody who owned a full claim would be assessed $12000—and who ever heard of such an assessment as that in an unincorporated company—more money than there is in Santa Clara. I think you can safely pay assessments, because $5 at a time would be a big one, to my thinking.
No, 50 feet in Boyd’s ledge16explanatory note would not be desirable, unless there were only 200 feet in the company, and you could see gold in the rock—and in whenⒶemendation one owns a fourth, it necessarily costs like the devil to work a claim. For instance, you and I will have to pay about $90 towards sinking a shaft 22 feet on the Flyaway, alth as weⒶemendation own a fourth, and Raish and I are to foot all bills on the first 22 feet for working it. The “Flyaway” specimen I send you, (taken by myself from DeKay’s shaft, 300 feet from where we are going to sink) cannot be called “choice,” exactly—say something above medium, to be on the safe side. But I have seen exceedingly choice chunks from that shaft. My intention at first in sending the Antelope specimen was, that you might see that it resembles the Monitor—but, come to think, a man can tell absolutely nothing about that without seeing both ledges themselves. I tried to break a handsome chunk for fromⒶemendation a huge piece of my darling Monitor a wh whichⒶemendation we brought from the croppings yesterday, but it all splintered up, and I send you the scraps. I call that “choice”—any d—d fool would. Don’t ask if it has been assayed, for it hasn’t. It don’t need it. It is amply able to speak for itself. It is 6 feet wide on top, and traversed through and through with veins whose color proclaims their worth. What the devil does a man want with any more feet when he owns in the Flyaway and the invincibleⒶemendation bomb-proof Monitor?17explanatory note
Have just heard some bully news. Raish has returned from the mill, where he went to take his first lesson, and says Clayton will crush 20 tons for us from either the F. or M. at $20 a ton. I think we can get rock from the top of either ledge that will more than pay at least payⒶemendation expenses. You bet we will try.
Snow is the matter now, though. day before Yesterday we worked comfortably on the M.—Ⓐemendationnow there’s a foot of snow there, perhaps, and 3 or 4 inches down here—and still at it.
No, it is not best to segregate claims until they are paying in the mills. It costs too much to work a segregated claim. I wouldn’t have one now. Can’t work it by yourself, either if you wanted to—you must have assistance in a shaft—and I like to pick my company when at work. When every tub is able to stand on its own bottom, then it is early enough to begin.
I collected that $25.70—but can’t Upton wait on me awhile?—especially when I have been running to Tom, Dick and Harry, trying to get this thatⒶemendation house business of his properlyⒶemendation arranged—and if I haven’t succeeded yet, it wasn’t my fault. If he must have it, though, pay him. I don’t want to keep it longer, unless he is able to stand it.Ⓐemendation 18explanatory note But then again, suppose you don’t pay. it.Ⓐemendation No, on second thoughts;Ⓐemendation don’t pay him. Tell him I have spent $150 since I have been here, and you’ll be d—d if you’ll put up with it. (I owe him one, you know.) Tell him I spoke of the debt to you, and said to IⒶemendation would like to take haveⒶemendation an extension on it. (Entre nous, I have already taken up the 1st N. Exten. on it.) And say you will pay no debts at present except those of your own contracting—but that if I never pay it, he shall not lose it. You see it is not your debtⒶemendation, Orion, and I pr peremptorily Ⓐemendation forbid its payment at present. I must have money to open those ledges with.
How about the Governor’s 40-stamp mill which he w isⒶemendation to bring here? It wouldn’t set the camp back any.19explanatory note
If I had anything more to say, I have forgotten what it was, unless, perhaps, that I want a sum of money—anywhere from $20 to $150, as soon as possible.
Raish sends regards. He or I one will drop a line to the “Age” occasionally. I suppose you saw my letters in the “Enterprize.” 20explanatory note
P.S. I suppose Pamela never will regain her health, but she could improve it by coming to California,—provided the trip didn’t kill her.
You see Bixby is on the flag-ship. He always was the best pilot th onⒶemendation the Mississippi, and deserves his “posish.”21explanatory note They have done a reckless thing, though, in putting Sam. Bowen on the “Swon.”—Ⓐemendationfor if a bombshellⒶemendation happens to come his way, he will infallibly jump overboard. It would be refreshing if they would catch Will Bowen and hang him.22explanatory note
If the snow will permit us, we shall probably commence taking out rock to-morrow—Clayton would prefer 30 tons—and if it even pays expenses, why, I shall put on some of the most disgusting airs you know—but if it don’t pay,—why—I shan’t care a d—n anyhow. There’s plenty more rock in those ledges.
Send me another package of those envelops, per Bagley’s coat pocket.
Orion Clemens Esq. | Carson City | N. T. upper left: With specimens. | rule canceled partly boxed, lower left: Politeness of Mr La Rue. postmaster’s hand: Esmeralda Cal | May 13th 1862 brace postage stamp cut away
Except for Clemens’s references in this and succeeding letters, little is known of the Monitor ledge, located on Middle Hill, Aurora. The Clemens Gold and Silver Mining Company, consisting of Clemens, Calvin H. Higbie, Daniel H. Twing, and J. D. LaRue, was formed on 9 May 1862 in order to work 800 feet of the Monitor. When the company incorporated on 27 February 1863, with a capital stock of 700 shares valued at $140,000, it consisted of three partners: Twing, R. E. Brewster, and C. W. Buckingham. It retained its original name, however, and continued in existence for at least a few months (Clemens Gold and Silver Mining Company trust deed and certificate of incorporation, PH in CU-MARK, courtesy of Michael H. Marleau; “More Mining Corporations,” San Francisco Alta California, 3 Mar 63, 1).
The Aurora Mill was owned by Dow, Childs, and Batturs (Kelly 1862, 244). It was in the process of expanding from ten stamps to twenty and introducing a Veatch reduction process, evidently the one used at Clayton’s Mill (see 18 Apr 62 to Clagett, n. 3click to open link).
William M. Gillespie, clerk of the territorial House of Representatives. His indebtedness to Orion has not been explained. For an explanation of the “Records” Clemens asks about next, see 24 and 25 Apr 62 to OC, n. 7click to open link.
The Mountain House ledge.
Clemens’s friend Clement T. Rice was an active mining investor.
A. D. Allen, the highly successful Aurora miner.
James Neary, a “speculator” boarding at Margret Murphy’s in Carson City, was one of the “Irish Brigade” who accompanied Governor Nye to Nevada (Kelly 1862, 85; Roughing It, chapter 21). He was a member of John Nye and Company (see 18–21 Sept 61 to JLC and PAM, n. 5click to open link). Nothing is known about his tunnel project.
Unidentified.
The Clear Creek district, west of Carson City, experienced its major mining boom in 1859–60. Despite current hopes for it, the area proved relatively unproductive as mining property (Angel, 537).
Orion Clemens had bought two lots in the town of Dayton, Lyon County, for $100 on 11 December 1861, but the deed was not filed for record until 16 June 1862 (deed in CU-MARK). About six weeks before Orion made his purchase Dayton (then still called Chinatown) was reported to be “fast growing in importance. It already has eight stores and seven saloons and hotels. . . . It is fast becoming the centre of a lively trade with the surrounding districts. . . . Town lots are on the rise” (“Items from Washoe,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, 30 Oct 61, 1, reprinting the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise of unknown date).
The Carson City Silver Age, founded by former California newspaperman John C. Lewis, began as a weekly paper in November 1860 and then became a daily in September 1861. It was acquired around March 1862 by the “Age Association, consisting of John Church, S. A. Glessner and J. L. Laird, who, in November, 1862, moved the establishment to Virginia City, and started the Virginia Daily Union” (Angel, 312). Since the files of the Silver Age are no longer extant, the joint contribution that Clemens alludes to has not been recovered. In July, pressed for funds, he planned to make regular contributions to this paper (see 23 July 62 to OCclick to open link).
Late in 1862 Orion managed to secure an office much like the one described here, consisting of two rooms and a bedroom, “plastered overhead.” He furnished it, at government expense, with: a bedstead and mattress, a table and ten chairs, a washstand, and “silk damask window curtains” with cornices, for a total of $339.25; a desk and chair costing $200.00; “Brussel’s carpet” throughout for $142.70; and two stoves, cost unknown. Unfortunately, early in 1863 the Treasury Department questioned Orion’s expenditures. He pleaded his inexperience in public office, explaining, “It was not my design to furnish my office . . . in an extravagant or unusual manner; but I never held an office before, except that I once had the honor to be clerk of an election, was never in Washington, never saw a Legislature in session, and never saw any office at the Capitol of any State or Territory.” Nevertheless, he agreed to reimburse the government for the items costing $339.25 (OC to William Hemphill Jones, 29 Apr 63, NvU-NSP).
A slave who fled behind Union lines or lived in an area captured by Union forces was generally regarded by the Lincoln administration as “contraband of war” and therefore liberated, although in some cases slaveowners loyal to the Union were allowed to reclaim runaways (Litwack, 52). “Contraband” became synonymous with “Negro” or “slave.”
H. Harris and Company, owners of the Pioneer Assay Office in Carson City (Kelly 1862, 80, 81).
Daniel H. Pine was postmaster in Aurora (Salley, 70; Kelly 1862, 250).
The owner of this ledge possibly was John Boyd, a Carson City cabinetmaker (Kelly 1862, 68).
The Monitor ledge presumably was named for the ironclad Union warship, launched in early 1862. On 9 March the Monitor had fought a four-hour draw with the Virginia (formerly the Merrimack), the Confederate ironclad, at Hampton Roads, Virginia. This was the first battle ever between two such warships (DAH, 4:10).
Clemens struck out the marked passage in a deliberate but uncharacteristic manner. He evidently intended his few long strokes to cancel the passage without impairing its legibility.
James W. Nye reportedly was planning to establish a mill in Aurora, in partnership with the actor James Stark, but there is no indication that this plan was carried out (see 2 June 62 to OC, n. 4click to open link).
Clemens’s “Josh” letters in the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise.
Horace E. Bixby served from September 1861 to August 1862 as pilot of the USS Benton, flagship of the Western Flotilla. In 1882, during his return to the Mississippi River, Clemens had his secretary record Bixby’s account of his Civil War service (N&J2 , 563–67; Way 1983, 49).
Sam Bowen was evidently now piloting the Northern boat F. C. Swon, a circumstance that seems not to have signified a true change in his Southern sympathies. Although official records offer no information about Bowen’s war service, pilot Absalom Grimes, in 1861 a member of the Marion Rangers with Clemens and Bowen, later recalled that immediately after that misadventure Bowen was
arrested by Federals and confined in the stockade at Hannibal, where he learned the trade of wood-sawing. . . . After he graduated as a wood-sawyer he went back to St. Louis, took the oath of allegiance to the United States, and went back to piloting again. After I became the Confederate mail-carrier, Sam Bowen and his sister, Miss Amanda Bowen, were untiring in their efforts to aid the Southern cause. He was pilot on the steamer G. W. Graham, a regular packet in the St. Louis and Memphis trade. His brother, Bart Bowen, was captain of the Graham. He was of untold assistance to the South in carrying the mail for the Rebel army between St. Louis and Memphis. (Grimes, 18)
It is unclear whether Clemens’s present low opinion of Sam Bowen stemmed from political or personal differences. His animosity toward Will Bowen was in part political. Jane Clemens remembered that “when Sam and W B were on the Alonzo Chi they quarreled and Sam let go the wheel to whip Will for talking secesh and made Will hush” (JLC to “all in the Teritory,” 12 and 14 Oct 62, NPV, in MTBus , 73). The antagonism also resulted from a financial “misunderstanding” (see 25 Aug 66 to Bowenclick to open link).
MS of letter, Jean Webster McKinney Family Papers, Vassar College Library (NPV); MS of envelope, Mark Twain Papers, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (CU-MARK).
L1 , 205–213; MTB , 1:197–98, excerpts; MTL , 1:73–76, with omissions.
see McKinney Family Papers, pp. 459–61. The envelope is probably part of the Moffett Collection; see p. 462.
More information on provenance may be found in Description of Provenanceclick to open link.